Levan is a fructose polymer with β-(2 → 6) glycosidic linkages. It is produced by several microorganisms, and due to its potential biotechnological and industrial applications, various levan-producing bacteria with different levels of production efficiencies have been reported. We investigated the levan-producing ability of the acetic acid bacterium, Tanticharoenia sakaeratensis.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFProtein lysine fatty acylation is increasingly recognized as a prevalent and important protein post-translation modification. Recently, it has been shown that K-Ras4a, R-Ras2, and Rac1 are regulated by lysine fatty acylation. Here, we investigated whether other members of the Ras superfamily could also be regulated by lysine fatty acylation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFToxicol Appl Pharmacol
May 2019
Trans-4-methoxycinnamaldehyde (MCD) was isolated from the rhizomes of Etlingera pavieana (Pierre ex Gagnep.) R.M.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFProc Natl Acad Sci U S A
March 2019
The smallest histone deacetylase (HDAC) and the only class IV HDAC member, HDAC11, is reported to regulate immune activation and tumorigenesis, yet its biochemical function is largely unknown. Here we identify HDAC11 as an efficient lysine defatty-acylase that is >10,000-fold more efficient than its deacetylase activity. Through proteomics studies, we hypothesized and later biochemically validated SHMT2 as a defatty-acylation substrate of HDAC11.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSirtuin inhibitors have attracted much interest due to the involvement of sirtuins in various biological processes. Several SIRT2-selective inhibitors have been developed, and some exhibit anticancer activities. To facilitate the choice of inhibitors in future studies and the development of better inhibitors, we directly compared several reported SIRT2-selective inhibitors: AGK2, SirReal2, Tenovin-6, and TM.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFProtein lipidation, including cysteine prenylation, N-terminal glycine myristoylation, cysteine palmitoylation, and serine and lysine fatty acylation, occurs in many proteins in eukaryotic cells and regulates numerous biological pathways, such as membrane trafficking, protein secretion, signal transduction, and apoptosis. We provide a comprehensive review of protein lipidation, including descriptions of proteins known to be modified and the functions of the modifications, the enzymes that control them, and the tools and technologies developed to study them. We also highlight key questions about protein lipidation that remain to be answered, the challenges associated with answering such questions, and possible solutions to overcome these challenges.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJunctional adhesion molecule C (JAM-C) is an immunoglobulin superfamily protein expressed in epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and leukocytes. JAM-C has been implicated in leukocyte transendothelial migration, angiogenesis, cell adhesion, cell polarity, spermatogenesis, and metastasis. Here, we show that JAM-C undergoes -palmitoylation on two juxtamembrane cysteine residues, Cys-264 and Cys-265.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe histone deacetylase (HDAC) family regulates many biological pathways through the deacetylation of lysine residues on histone and nonhistone proteins. Mammals have 18 HDACs that are classified into four classes. Class I, II, and IV are zinc-dependent, while class III is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent lysine deacetylase or sirtuins.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSirtuins are a class of enzymes originally identified as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent protein lysine deacetylases. Among the seven mammalian sirtuins, SIRT1-7, only SIRT1-3 possess efficient deacetylase activity in vitro, whereas SIRT4-7 possess very weak in vitro deacetylase activity. Several sirtuins that exhibit weak deacetylase activity have recently been shown to possess more efficient activity for the removal other acyl lysine modifications, such as succinyl lysine and palmitoyl lysine.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF