Maximizing H Production from a Combination of Catalytic Partial Oxidation of CH and Water Gas Shift Reaction.

A single-bed and dual-bed catalyst system was studied to maximize H production from the combination of partial oxidation of CH and water gas shift reaction. In addition, the different types of catalysts, including Ni, Cu, Ni-Re, and Cu-Re supported on gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) were investigated under different operating conditions of temperature (400-650 °C). Over Ni-based catalysts, methane can easily dissociate on a Ni surface to give hydrogen and carbon species.

Activity of a Sulfonated Carbon-Based Catalyst Derived from Organosolv Lignin toward Esterification of Stearic Acid under Near-Critical Alcohol Conditions.

In this study, an environmentally benign carbon-based catalyst derived from extracted bagasse lignin (EL) was successfully synthesized by solvothermal carbonization and sulfonation with methane sulfonic acid (MSA). Interestingly, the results indicated that the use of MSA as a sulfonation agent made a catalyst with higher thermal stability than conventional sulfuric acid. Thus, in comparison to the catalyst prepared by using sulfuric acid, the catalyst prepared by using MSA (EL-MSA) exhibited higher catalytic activity in the esterification of stearic acid under near-critical methanol conditions.

Effects of Kraft lignin on hydrolysis/dehydration of sugars, cellulosic and lignocellulosic biomass under hot compressed water.

The effect of Kraft lignin presenting on the hydrolysis and dehydration of C5 and C6 sugars, cellulose, hemicelluloses and biomass under hot compressed water (HCW) in the presence of H3PO4 catalyst was intensively studied. The lignin strongly inhibited the acid hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose to glucose and xylose, respectively. Interestingly, the admixed lignin markedly promoted the isomerization of glucose to fructose, and dehydration of fructose (except at the low catalyst loading), resulting in high 5-hydroxymethylfurfural yields.

Conversion of fructose, glucose, and cellulose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural by alkaline earth phosphate catalysts in hot compressed water.

The phosphates of alkaline earth metals (calcium and strontium) synthesized by precipitation process in acetone-water media system were used as catalysts for converting fructose, glucose, and cellulose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) under hot compressed water condition. It was found that the phosphates of calcium and strontium effectively catalyzed the HMF formation from fructose and glucose dehydration and cellulose hydrolysis/dehydration reaction, as compared with the non-catalytic system. The XRD analysis confirmed the CaP(2)O(6) and α-Sr(PO(3))(2) crystalline phases of the catalyst samples, while acid strength of both catalysts was in a range of +3.

Multi-element preconcentration of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution by APDC impregnated activated carbon.

Ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate impregnated activated carbon (APDC-AC) has been used for the preconcentration of Cd(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) from aqueous solution by column solid phase extraction (SPE) technique. Trace metal ions in aqueous solution were quantitatively sorbed onto APDC-AC packed in a SPE column at pH 5.0 with a flow rate of 1.