Intramedullary Hemorrhage Caused by Lumbosacral Epidural Arteriovenous Fistula with Dual Retrograde Perimedullary Venous Draining Routes: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Background: Spinal epidural arteriovenous fistulas (SEAVFs) are rare lesions with a low risk of hemorrhage. Most patients with lumbosacral SEAVFs with hemorrhagic events will develop a spinal epidural hematoma from epidural venous pouches. To the best of our knowledge, we have reported the first case of a lumbosacral SEAVF presenting with remote intramedullary hemorrhage in the conus medullaris.

Safe resection of arteriovenous malformations in eloquent motor areas aided by functional imaging and intraoperative monitoring.

Background: Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) proximal to motor cortical areas or motor projection systems are challenging to manage because of the risk of severe sensory and motor impairment. Surgical indication in these cases therefore remains controversial.

Objective: To propose a standardized approach for centrally situated AVMs based on functional imaging and intraoperative electrophysiological evaluation.