The relationship between family and child weight status by household structure in South Korea: 2007-2010.

Objective: Parental obesity has been identified as a predominant risk factor for childhood overweight and obesity. We investigated the relationship between parent and child obesity in South Korea, particularly linked with varying family structures.

Subjects And Methods: Data for households with children aged 2-18 years were taken from the pooled data of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2007-2010 conducted by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC).

Calorie-sweetened beverages and fructose: what have we learned 10 years later.

Background: Sugar-sweetened drinks and the fructose they provide are associated with several health problems.

Methods: Data from the Nielsen Homescan and product content were analysed for sweetener type using the Gladson Nutrition Database. Meta-analyses and randomized clinical trials were used to evaluate outcomes of beverage and fructose intake.

Trends in US home food preparation and consumption: analysis of national nutrition surveys and time use studies from 1965-1966 to 2007-2008.

Background: It has been well-documented that Americans have shifted towards eating out more and cooking at home less. However, little is known about whether these trends have continued into the 21st century, and whether these trends are consistent amongst low-income individuals, who are increasingly the target of public health programs that promote home cooking. The objective of this study is to examine how patterns of home cooking and home food consumption have changed from 1965 to 2008 by socio-demographic groups.

Trends in intakes and sources of solid fats and added sugars among U.S. children and adolescents: 1994-2010.

Background: There are increasing global concerns about improving the dietary intakes of children and adolescents. In the United States (U.S.

Trends in purchases and intake of foods and beverages containing caloric and low-calorie sweeteners over the last decade in the United States.

Background: Current food databases might not capture rapidly occurring changes in the food supply, such as the increased use of caloric (CS) and low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) in products.

Objective: We explored trends in purchases and intake of foods and beverages containing LCS, CS or both sweeteners over the last decade in the United States, as well as household and socioeconomic status (SES) predictors of these trends.

Methods: We analyzed household purchases from Homescan 2000-2010 (n = 140 352 households; 408 458 individuals) and dietary intake from National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2010 (n = 34 391 individuals).

Discordant risk: overweight and cardiometabolic risk in Chinese adults.

Objective: Recent US work identified "metabolically healthy overweight" and "metabolically at risk normal weight" individuals. Less is known for modernizing countries with recent increased obesity.

Design And Methods: Fasting blood samples, anthropometry and blood pressure from 8,233 adults aged 18-98 in the 2009 nationwide China Health and Nutrition Survey, were used to determine prevalence of overweight (Asian cut point, BMI ≥ 23 kg/m(2) ) and five risk factors (prediabetes/diabetes (hemoglobin A1c ≥ 5.

Foods and beverages associated with higher intake of sugar-sweetened beverages.

Background: Although consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is associated with higher caloric intakes, the amount SSBs contribute to higher intakes has not been addressed.

Purpose: To estimate the amount SSBs contribute to higher caloric intakes and determine how the diets of SSB consumers and nonconsumers differ.

Methods: The What We Eat In America, NHANES 2003-2010 surveys were combined into a sample of 13,421 children; analyses were conducted in December 2012.

Prevalence and energy intake from snacking in Brazil: analysis of the first nationwide individual survey.

Background/objectives: Snacking has increased globally. We examine snacking patterns and common snack foods in Brazil.

Subjects/methods: Data from the first of two non-consecutive food diaries from 34,003 individuals (aged ≥ 10 years) in the first Brazillian nationally representative dietary survey (2008-2009) were used.

Sodium intake from various time frames and incident hypertension among Chinese adults.

Background: Although it is clear that there are short-term effects of sodium intake on blood pressure, little is known about the most relevant timing of sodium exposure for the onset of hypertension. This question can be addressed only in cohorts with repeated measures of sodium intake.

Methods: Using up to seven measures of dietary sodium intake and blood pressure between 1991 and 2009, we compared the association of baseline, mean, and most recent sodium intake with incident hypertension, in 6578 adults enrolled in the China Health and Nutrition Survey (age 18 to 65 years and free of hypertension at baseline).

Does diet-beverage intake affect dietary consumption patterns? Results from the Choose Healthy Options Consciously Everyday (CHOICE) randomized clinical trial.

Background: Little is understood about the effect of increased consumption of low-calorie sweeteners in diet beverages on dietary patterns and energy intake.

Objective: We investigated whether energy intakes and dietary patterns were different in subjects who were randomly assigned to substitute caloric beverages with either water or diet beverages (DBs).

Design: Participants from the Choose Healthy Options Consciously Everyday randomized clinical trial (a 6-mo, 3-arm study) were included in the analysis [water groups: n = 106 (94% women); DB group: n = 104 (82% women)].

Causes of increased energy intake among children in the U.S., 1977-2010.

Background: Changes in total energy intake have been reported among children and adolescents, but the extent to which the components of total energy-energy density; portion size; and the number of eating/drinking occasions (EO)-drive these changes is unknown.

Purpose: The objective of the current study was to examine the relative contribution to changes in daily total energy.

Methods: Using cross-sectional nationally representative data from the Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (1977-1978); the Continuing Survey of Food Intake of Individuals (1989-1991); and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (1994-1998 and 2005-2010) for children and adolescents (aged 2-18 years), changes in total energy (kcal/day) were mathematically decomposed to determine the relative contributions of its three component parts: portion size (g/EO); energy density (kcal/g/EO); and eating/drinking occasions (n).

Food companies' calorie-reduction pledges to improve U.S. diet.

Heretofore, corporate voluntary pledges to improve the health of Americans have been linked neither to explicit measurable commitments nor to a framework for an independent evaluation. The Healthy Weight Commitment Foundation (HWCF), whose members include 16 of the nation's leading consumer packaged goods food and beverage manufacturers, voluntarily pledged to collectively remove 1 trillion calories from their products by 2012 (against a 2007 baseline), and 1.5 trillion calories by 2015.

Taking the bitter with the sweet: relationship of supertasting and sweet preference with metabolic syndrome and dietary intake.

Unlabelled: Results examining the effects of tasting profile on dietary intake and health outcomes have varied. This study examined the interaction of sweet liker (SL) and supertaster (ST) (bitter taste test through phenylthiocarbamide [PTC]) status with incidence of metabolic syndrome. Participants (n = 196) as part of baseline testing in a behavioral weight loss study completed measures assessing SL and ST status, metabolic syndrome, and dietary intake.

Trends in dietary intake among US 2- to 6-year-old children, 1989-2008.

Background: Between 1989 and 2008, obesity increased markedly in children of all ages. We examined changes in the diets of children ages 2 to 6 years in the United States between 1989 and 2008. Our study provides new insight into diet changes that might have contributed to the sharp rise in obesity during this period.

Sources of excessive saturated fat, trans fat and sugar consumption in Brazil: an analysis of the first Brazilian nationwide individual dietary survey.

Objective: To examine the patterns of consumption of foods high in solid fats and added sugars (SoFAS) in Brazil.

Design: Cross-sectional study; individual dietary intake survey. Food intake was assessed by means of two non-consecutive food records.

Sodium and potassium intake patterns and trends in South Korea.

We examined major trends and patterns regarding sodium and potassium intake and the ratio of sodium and potassium in the diets of South Koreans. We used data from 24-h dietary recall data from 10,267, 8819 and 9264 subjects ages > or =2 years in the 1998, 2005 and 2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, respectively. Mean sodium intake did not change significantly between 1998 and 2009 (4.

Use of caloric and noncaloric sweeteners in US consumer packaged foods, 2005-2009.

Our understanding of the use of caloric and noncaloric sweeteners in the US food supply is limited. This study uses full ingredient list and Nutrition Facts label data from Gladson Nutrition Database and nationally representative purchases of consumer packaged foods from Nielsen Homescan in 2005 through 2009 to understand the use of caloric sweeteners (including fruit juice concentrate) and noncaloric sweeteners in consumer packaged foods. Of the 85,451 uniquely formulated foods purchased during 2005 through 2009, 75% contain sweeteners (68% with caloric sweetener only, 1% with noncaloric sweetener only, 6% with both caloric and noncaloric sweeteners).

South Korea's entry to the global food economy: shifts in consumption of food between 1998 and 2009.

Korea has undergone a major opening of its food markets and economy in the past decade. Little is understood about the impact of these shifts on the diet of Koreans. This analysis studies the shifts in consumption of foods between 1998 and 2009 to provide a thorough understanding of the transition and insights into directions in the next decades in Korea.

Multilevel examination of diabetes in modernising China: what elements of urbanisation are most associated with diabetes?

Aims/hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between urbanisation-related factors and diabetes prevalence in China.

Methods: Anthropometry, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and community-level data were collected for 7,741 adults (18-90 years) across 217 communities and nine provinces in the 2009 China Health and Nutrition Survey to examine diabetes (FBG ≥7.0 mmol/l or doctor diagnosis).

Population approaches to improve diet, physical activity, and smoking habits: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.

Background: Poor lifestyle behaviors, including suboptimal diet, physical inactivity, and tobacco use, are leading causes of preventable diseases globally. Although even modest population shifts in risk substantially alter health outcomes, the optimal population-level approaches to improve lifestyle are not well established.

Methods And Results: For this American Heart Association scientific statement, the writing group systematically reviewed and graded the current scientific evidence for effective population approaches to improve dietary habits, increase physical activity, and reduce tobacco use.

Sugary beverages represent a threat to global health.

Sugary beverages represent a major global threat to the health of all populations. The shifts in distribution, marketing, and sales have made them the plague of the globe in terms of obesity, diabetes, and a host of other chronic health problems. The fructose-laden beverages have unique properties that lead to lack of dietary compensation and direct adverse effects on our health.

The expanding burden of cardiometabolic risk in China: the China Health and Nutrition Survey.

China faces a major increase in cardiovascular disease, yet there is limited population-based data on risk factors, particularly in children. Fasting blood samples, anthropometry and blood pressure were collected on 9,244 children and adults aged ≥7 years in late 2009 as part of the national China Health and Nutrition Survey. Prevalent overweight, elevated blood pressure, and cardiometabolic risk factors: glucose, HbA1c, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C and LDL-C), and C-reactive protein (CRP) are presented.

Time use and physical activity: a shift away from movement across the globe.

Technology linked with reduced physical activity (PA) in occupational work, home/domestic work, and travel and increased sedentary activities, especially television viewing, dominates the globe. Using detailed historical data on time allocation, occupational distributions, energy expenditures data by activity, and time-varying measures of metabolic equivalents of task (MET) for activities when available, we measure historical and current MET by four major PA domains (occupation, home production, travel and active leisure) and sedentary time among adults (>18 years). Trends by domain for the United States (1965-2009), the United Kingdom (1961-2005), Brazil (2002-2007), China (1991-2009) and India (2000-2005) are presented.

Trends in Chinese snacking behaviors and patterns and the social-demographic role between 1991 and 2009.

This study investigates the dynamic shifts in snacking behaviors and patterns in China. Using four waves (1991, 2004, 2006, and 2009) from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), with full socioeconomic and demographic data and 3-day, 24-hour dietary recall data, 45,402 individuals age two and older were studied. Multiple logistic regressions were performed to examine the association of social-demographic factors on snacking behaviors.