Radiological Characteristics of Extraocular Muscles in Myasthenia Gravis Patients with Ocular Manifestations: A Case-Control Study.

Purpose: To analyze radiological characteristics of the extraocular muscles (EOMs) in myasthenia gravis (MG) patients with ocular manifestations.

Patients And Methods: This retrospective case-control study included all MG cases with ocular manifestations, who attended a neuro-ophthalmology clinic at a university hospital, Bangkok, from April 2009 to June 2018. They experienced double vision and ophthalmoplegia.

Comparison of Visual Acuity Measurement Using Three Methods: Standard ETDRS Chart, Near Chart and a Smartphone-Based Eye Chart Application.

Purpose: To validate the Rosenbaum near vision card (Near Chart) and a smartphone-based visual acuity (VA) test (Eye Chart) against a standard retro-illuminated Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart within participants.

Materials And Methods: A cross-sectional study of participants aged ≥18 years was conducted. VA was measured in all participants using the ETDRS chart, Near Chart and smartphone-based Eye Chart application, respectively.

Clinical Characteristics of HIV-Associated Optic Neuritis.

Introduction: Acute optic neuritis (ON) has been increasingly reported in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We aimed to describe clinical characteristics of HIV-infected patients with ON.

Materials And Methods: This observational retrospective study was performed from January 2008 to January 2016 in a university hospital in Bangkok, Thailand.

Evaluation of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer and Ganglion Cell Layer Thickness in Alzheimer's Disease Using Optical Coherence Tomography.

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of using optical coherence tomography (OCT) for the detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD), by measuring the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and the ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer (GCL-IPL).

Material And Methods: This was a single-center, cross-sectional study. The study included 29 patients with AD (mean age ± standard deviation: 75.

Etiologies of Acute Optic Neuritis in Thailand: An Observational Study of 171 Patients.

Purpose: To analyze the demographic patterns, clinical characteristics and etiologies of acute optic neuritis (ON).

Methods: This retrospective observational study included patients with acute ON who presented to a university hospital in Bangkok, Thailand, between January 2010 and March 2020. The demographic details, clinical characteristics and etiologies of acute ON were evaluated.

Initial Treatment Response in Ocular Myasthenia Gravis: A Comparison Between Low and Moderate Doses of Prednisolone.

Purpose: To evaluate the initial treatment response to low doses of prednisolone, compared with moderate doses, in ocular myasthenia gravis (OMG).

Patients And Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients with adult-onset (age ≥15 years old) OMG, who were treated with prednisolone, was conducted. Subjects were divided into two groups according to their prednisolone dosing regimen.

Isolated Horner syndrome as a rare initial presentation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a case report.

Background: Horner syndrome refers to a set of clinical presentations resulting from disruption of sympathetic innervation to the eye and adnexa. Classically, the clinical triad consists of ipsilateral blepharoptosis, pupillary miosis, and facial anhidrosis. Ocular sympathetic denervation may signify life-threatening causes.

Isolated optic neuritis with a concurrent abnormal trigeminal nucleus on imaging: case report of a rare complication of herpes zoster ophthalmicus.

Background: Herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) is an inflammation related to reactivation of the latent varicella zoster virus (VZV), involving the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve. Optic neuritis (ON), a rare ocular complication following HZO, has been reported in 1.9% of HZO-affected eyes.

Juvenile Ocular Myasthenia Gravis: Presentation and Outcome of a Large Cohort.

Background: Isolated ocular myasthenia gravis (MG) is sparingly common in children relative to adults, ranging from 71% to 93% of all children with MG.

Purpose: We aimed to characterize the ocular manifestations and outcomes in children with isolated ocular MG.

Methods: Medical records of consecutive 62 subjects less than 15 years of age with ocular MG, were retrospectively reviewed.

Bilateral oculomotor ocular neuromyotonia: a case report.

Background: Ocular neuromyotonia (ONM) is characterized by episodic diplopia, which is usually triggered by prolonged eccentric gaze of the affected extraocular muscles. The spell is characterized by involuntary, occasionally painful, sustained contraction of one or more extraocular muscles innervated by the oculomotor, trochlear, or abducens nerve. ONM usually occurs as a late consequence of radiotherapy around the parasellar area, although idiopathic cases have been reported.

Atypical central retinal artery occlusion as the first presentation of POEMS syndrome: a case report.

Background: POEMS syndrome is a plasma cell disorder, which clinically manifests from paraneoplastic syndrome: polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal plasma cell disorder, and skin changes. The most common ocular manifestation is optic disc swelling, whereas other ocular manifestations; cystoid macular edema, serous macular detachment, venous sinus thrombosis, infiltrative orbitopathy, uveitis, neovascularization of the disc, peripapillary choroidal neovascularization and optic disc drusen, had also been reported.

Case Presentation: A 52-year-old Thai man presented with 5-day sudden painless visual loss in the left eye.

Occipital lobe infarction: a rare presentation of bilateral giant cavernous carotid aneurysms: a case report.

Background: Cavernous carotid aneurysm (CCA) represents 2-9% of all intracranial aneurysms and 15% of internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysms; additionally, giant aneurysms are those aneurysms that are > 25 mm in size. Bilateral CCAs account for 11-29% of patients and are commonly associated with structural weaknesses in the ICA wall, secondary to systemic hypertension. CCAs are considered benign lesions, given the low risk for developing major neurologic morbidities (i.

Clinical characteristics and long-term visual outcome of optic neuritis in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: A comparison between Thai and American-Caucasian cohorts.

Background: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) occurs more commonly in Asian than Caucasian populations. Few studies have examined the clinical features and visual outcome of optic neuritis (ON) within NMOSD in different racial populations. The objective of this study was to compare the clinical characteristics and long-term visual outcome of a Thai and an American-Caucasian cohort with NMOSD-related ON.

Pediatric primary optic nerve sheath meningioma.

Primary optic nerve sheath meningioma (PONSM) is extremely rare among children. We report two cases of pediatric PONSM. The first case was a 12-year-old boy who presented with gradual visual loss of his right eye and was found to be associated with neurofibromatosis type 2.

Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy due to biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis in Thai patients.

Giant cell arteritis is a systemic granulomatous vasculitis affecting medium to large arteries. An arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is the most common cause of permanent visual loss. Giant cell arteritis is very rare among Asians.

Ischemic retinal vasculitis in an 18-year-old man with chickenpox infection.

Ocular involvement after primary infection with varicella zoster virus is very rare. We report a case of a healthy 18-year-old man who presented with unilateral ischemic retinal vasculitis 10 days after the onset of chickenpox. He developed acute severe visual loss and a relative afferent pupillary defect in his right eye.

Sclerosing therapy for orbital lymphangioma using sodium tetradecyl sulfate.

Purpose: To describe the results of intralesional injection of the sclerosing agent sodium tetradecyl sulfate in patients with orbital lymphangioma.

Methods: Four young patients with a history of orbital lymphangioma were treated on one or more occasions with percutaneous puncture and injection of sodium tetradecyl sulfate under computed tomography guidance. Resolution of the signs and symptoms, complications resulting from surgery, and recurrence of bleeding were studied.

Dural carotid cavernous sinus fistula: ocular characteristics, endovascular management and clinical outcome.

Objective: To describe the ocular findings, endovascular treatment, and clinical outcome in patients with dural carotid cavernous sinus fistula (CCF).

Material And Method: A retrospective evaluation of 80 consecutive patients who underwent examination and treatment for dural CCF between January 1997 and December 2004 was performed.

Results: Fifty females and 30 males, with an average age of 49 years (from 6 -80 years) participated in this study.

A reinterpretation of certain disorders affecting the eye muscles and their tissues.

Recent discoveries about the orbital tissues prompt a re-evaluation of the way that clinicians think about disorders affecting the extraocular muscles, their nerves and motoneurons in the brainstem. The revolutionary discovery that the orbital layers of the extraocular muscles insert not onto the eyeball, but into fibromuscular pulleys that guide the orbital layers, provides explanations for the kinematic properties of eye rotations and clinical findings in some patients with strabismus. The demonstration that all extraocular fibers types, except pale global fibers, lack synaptic folding provides an explanation for why saccades may remain fast in patients with limited ocular mobility due to myasthenia gravis.

Stereotactic radiation therapy for optic nerve sheath meningioma; an experience at Ramathibodi Hospital.

Objective: To evaluate results of stereotactic radiotherapy for the treatment of optic nerve sheath meningioma (OM) at Ramathibodi Hospital.

Material And Method: Twelve patients with primary OM were treated with stereotactic radiation between 1998 and 2005. Five patients underwent surgery and had no light perception before radiation.

Orbital apex syndrome from gnathostomiasis.

A 16-year-old Thai girl presented with acute unilateral visual loss, proptosis, and ophthalmoparesis. CT demonstrated thickening and enhancement of orbital tissues including the orbital apex. A history of consumption of raw fish, together with the findings of cutaneous migratory swelling and eosinophilia, made the diagnosis of gnathostomiasis likely.

Abducens-oculomotor synkinesis associated with internuclear ophthalmoplegia and acquired abducens nerve palsy.

We report a case of acquired abducens-oculomotor synkinesis, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, and abducens nerve palsy following brainstem hemorrhage. Weakening surgery on the medial rectus muscle did not eliminate the synergistic movement. The mechanism responsible for the abducens-oculomotor synkinesis is discussed.

Four recti enlargement at orbital apex and thyroid associated optic neuropathy.

Objective: To determine the site of muscle enlargement in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy and optic neuropathy in Ramathibodi Hospital.

Material And Method: Data and images of MRI and CT of patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy were retrospectively reviewed Neuro-ophthalmologic data and correlation to the imaging findings were analyzed.

Results: Among 19 patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, 20 imaging studies were collected.