Comparison of Taxonomic Resolutions of Various Typing Methods for and Species Isolated from Landfill Leachate.

Anaerobic bacteria and methanogenic archaea at municipal landfill dumping sites play a vital role in the landfill ecology, waste degradation, global warming and climate change. Although landfill works as a cheap way of solid waste management, unmanaged landfill plays a significant role in spreading pollutants and pathogens in natural ecosystems. The genera and are important groups of anaerobic microbes from a public and environmental health perspective.

Opportunities to Enhance Diagnostic Testing and Antimicrobial Stewardship: A Qualitative Multinational Survey of Healthcare Professionals.

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health challenge. Global efforts to decrease AMR through antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) initiatives include education and optimising the use of diagnostic technologies and antibiotics. Despite this, economic and societal challenges hinder AMS efforts.

Regional variations in antimicrobial susceptibility of community-acquired uropathogenic in India: Findings of a multicentric study highlighting the importance of local antibiograms.

Objectives: Evidence-based prescribing is essential to optimize patient outcomes in cystitis. This requires knowledge of local antibiotic resistance rates. Diagnostic and Antimicrobial Stewardship (DASH) to Protect Antibiotics (https://dashuti.

An integrated method for targeted Oxford Nanopore sequencing and automated bioinformatics for the simultaneous detection of bacteria, fungi, and ARG.

Aims: The use of metagenomics for pathogen identification in clinical practice has been limited. Here we describe a workflow to encourage the clinical utility and potential of NGS for the screening of bacteria, fungi, and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs).

Methods And Results: The method includes target enrichment, long-read sequencing, and automated bioinformatics.

Understanding clinical outcomes and factors influencing mortality in intensive care unit patients with COVID-19-associated candidemia.

Background: During the COVID pandemic, research has shown an increase in candidemia cases following severe COVID infection and the identification of risk factors associated with candidemia. However, there is a lack of studies that specifically explore clinical outcomes and mortality rates related to candidemia after COVID infection.

Objectives: The aim of this international study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes and identify factors influencing mortality in patients who developed candidemia during their COVID infection.

International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) report of health care associated infections, data summary of 45 countries for 2015 to 2020, adult and pediatric units, device-associated module.

Background: Reporting on the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium study results from 2015 to 2020, conducted in 630 intensive care units across 123 cities in 45 countries spanning Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East.

Methods: Prospective intensive care unit patient data collected via International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium Surveillance Online System. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Health Care Safety Network definitions applied for device-associated health care-associated infections (DA-HAI).

Decreasing central line-associated bloodstream infections rates in intensive care units in 30 low- and middle-income countries: An INICC approach.

Background: Central line (CL)-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) occurring in the intensive care unit (ICU) are common and associated with a high burden.

Methods: We implemented a multidimensional approach, incorporating an 11-element bundle, education, surveillance of CLABSI rates and clinical outcomes, monitoring compliance with bundle components, feedback of CLABSI rates and clinical outcomes, and performance feedback in 316 ICUs across 30 low- and middle-income countries. Our dependent variables were CLABSI per 1,000-CL-days and in-ICU all-cause mortality rates.

Surveillance and epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile infection using the national health surveillance network criteria: A 7-year study from Mumbai, India.

Introduction: Clostridioides difficile (CD) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. While considerable data is available in the developed world regarding Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), Indian data is sparse especially using the standardized surveillance systems.

Aim And Objectives Of The Study: To identify the incidence, risk factors, and mortality rate associated with CDI in a tertiary care hospital based on the Laboratory-Identified (LabID) event criteria of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Health Surveillance Network (NHSN).

Novel anti-dandruff shampoo incorporated with ketoconazole-coated zinc oxide nanoparticles using green tea extract.

Background: Dandruff caused by Malassezia furfur is a prevailing fungal infection. Although ketoconazole (KTZ) is widely intended for anti-dandruff treatment, poor solubility, and epidermal permeability limits its use and the marketed KTZ shampoo adversely effects scalp and hair.

Objective: To prepare a novel shampoo loaded with KTZ-coated zinc oxide nanoparticles using green tea extract and evaluate its antifungal activity.

Preventing Risks of Infections and Medication Errors in IV therapy (PRIME): a patient safety initiative.

Background: Two major avoidable reasons for adverse events in hospital are medication errors and intravenous therapy-induced infections or complications. Training for clinical staff and compliance to patient safety principles could address these.

Methods: Joint Commission International (JCI) consultants created a standardised, 6-month training programme for clinical staff in hospitals.

Combination drug strategies for biofilm eradication using synthetic and natural agents in KAPE pathogens.

Antibiotic resistance is a global threat caused by factors such as overuse of antibiotics, lack of awareness, development of biofilms etc. World Health Organization released a list of global priority pathogens which consisted of 12 species of bacteria categorized as expressing critical, high and medium resistance. Several Gram-negative and Gram-positive species are known to cause wide varieties of infections and have become multidrug or extremely drug resistant.

Comparison of in vitro fosfomycin susceptibility testing methods with agar dilution for carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichiacoli.

Purpose: The emergence of Extensively drug resistant (XDR) pathogens like Carbapenem Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR Kpn) and Carbapenem Resistant Escherichia coli (CR Eco) has limited therapeutic options for treating them. Fosfomycin a broad-spectrum antibiotic, has emerged as a potential treatment option in combination with other agents. It is therefore important that accurate drug susceptibility testing (DST) results of fosfomycin should be available to all clinical microbiology laboratories.

Country data on AMR in India in the context of community-acquired respiratory tract infections: links between antibiotic susceptibility, local and international antibiotic prescribing guidelines, access to medicine and clinical outcome.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the biggest threats to global public health. Selection of resistant bacteria is driven by inappropriate use of antibiotics, amongst other factors. COVID-19 may have exacerbated AMR due to unnecessary antibiotic prescribing.

Genomics of postvaccination SARS-CoV-2 infections during the Delta dominated second wave of COVID-19 pandemic, from Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR), India.

The present study was initiated to understand the proportion of predominant variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in postvaccination infections during the Delta dominated second wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) in India and to understand any mutations selected in the postvaccination infections or showing association with any patient demographics. Samples were collected (n = 166) from severe/moderate/mild COVID-19 patients who were either vaccinated (COVISHIELD/COVAXIN-partial/fully vaccinated) or unvaccinated, from a city hospital and from home isolation patients in MMR. A total of 150 viral genomes were sequenced by Oxford Nanopore sequencing and the data of 136 viral genomes were analyzed for clade/lineage and for identifying mutations.

In vitro activity of Ceftazidime-Avibactam and its comparators against Carbapenem resistant Enterobacterales collected across India: results from ATLAS surveillance 2018 to 2019.

ATLAS (Antimicrobial Testing Leadership and Surveillance) detects trends in multi-drug resistance longitudinally over time. In the present study, the in vitro activity of ceftazidime-avibactam and comparators was analyzed against Escherichia coli (n = 458) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 455)  isolates obtained from 9 centers across India. The overall susceptibility to ceftazidime-avibactam was observed to be 72% among K.

A global perspective on improving patient care in uncomplicated urinary tract infection: expert consensus and practical guidance.

Objectives: Uncomplicated urinary tract infections (uUTIs) are a common problem in female patients. Management is mainly based on empirical prescribing, but there are concerns about overtreatment and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), especially in patients with recurrent uUTIs.

Methods: A multidisciplinary panel of experts met to discuss diagnosis, treatment, prevention, guidelines, AMR, clinical trial design and the impact of COVID-19 on clinical practice.

International Multicentre Study of Infections.

has emerged globally as a multi-drug resistant yeast and is commonly associated with nosocomial outbreaks in ICUs. We conducted a retrospective observational multicentre study to determine the epidemiology of infections, its management strategies, patient outcomes, and infection prevention and control practices across 10 centres from five countries. Significant risk factors for infection include the age group of 61-70 years (39%), recent history of ICU admission (63%), diabetes (63%), renal failure (52%), presence of CVC (91%) and previous history of antibiotic treatment (96%).

Circulation of Third-Generation Cephalosporin Resistant Salmonella Typhi in Mumbai, India.

We report the persistent circulation of third-generation cephalosporin resistant Salmonella Typhi in Mumbai, linked to the acquisition and maintenance of a previously characterized IncX3 plasmid carrying the ESBL gene blaSHV-12 and the fluoroquinolone resistance gene qnrB7 in the genetic context of a triple mutant also associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Ceftriaxone and Azithromycin for blood culture isolates of Salmonella enterica spp.

Introduction: Enteric fever caused by Salmonella enterica continues to be a major public health problem worldwide. In the last decade, ceftriaxone and azithromycin have become the drugs of choice for treating enteric fever caused by Nalidixic acid resistant Salmonella (NARS) enterica. This has led to reports of drug resistance to both drugs.

International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) report, data summary of 45 countries for 2013-2018, Adult and Pediatric Units, Device-associated Module.

Background: We report the results of INICC surveillance study from 2013 to 2018, in 664 intensive care units (ICUs) in 133 cities, of 45 countries, from Latin-America, Europe, Africa, Eastern-Mediterranean, Southeast-Asia, and Western-Pacific.

Methods: Prospective data from patients hospitalized in ICUs were collected through INICC Surveillance Online System. CDC-NHSN definitions for device-associated healthcare-associated infection (DA-HAI) were applied.

Guidelines for various laboratory sections in view of COVID-19: Recommendations from the Indian Association of Pathologists and Microbiologists.

Declared as a pandemic by WHO on March 11, 2020, COVID-19 has brought about a dramatic change in the working of different laboratories across the country. Diagnostic laboratories testing different types of samples play a vital role in the treatment management. Irrespective of their size, each laboratory has to follow strict biosafety guidelines.

Six-year study on peripheral venous catheter-associated BSI rates in 262 ICUs in eight countries of South-East Asia: International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium findings.

Background: Short-term peripheral venous catheter-associated bloodstream infection rates have not been systematically studied in Asian countries, and data on peripheral venous catheter-associated bloodstream infections incidence by number of short-term peripheral venous catheter days are not available.

Methods: Prospective, surveillance study on peripheral venous catheter-associated bloodstream infections conducted from 1 September 2013 to 31 May 2019 in 262 intensive care units, members of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium, from 78 hospitals in 32 cities of 8 countries in the South-East Asia Region: China, India, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. For this research, we applied definition and criteria of the CDC NHSN, methodology of the INICC, and software named INICC Surveillance Online System.

Six-year multicenter study on short-term peripheral venous catheters-related bloodstream infection rates in 204 intensive care units of 57 hospitals in 19 cities of India: International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) findings.

Background: Short-term peripheral venous catheters-related bloodstream infections (PVCR-BSIs) rates have not been systematically studied in developing countries, and data on their incidence by number of device-days are not available.

Methods: Prospective, surveillance study on PVCR-BSI conducted from September 1, 2013 to May 31, 2019 in 204 intensive care units (ICUs), members of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC), from 57 hospitals in 19 cities of India. We applied US INICC definition criteria and reported methods using the INICC Surveillance Online System.

In-vitro activity of tigecycline and comparator agents against common pathogens: Indian experience.

Introduction: Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trail (TEST) study is an on-going global surveillance. The study was performed to determine the susceptibility of common pathogens to tigecycline and comparator antibiotics by broth microdilution (BMD) at two tertiary care centres in India from 2015 to 2017.

Methodology: Total of 989 isolates collected from various clinical specimens between January 2015 and September 2017 from two centres in India were included.

Mycobacterium wolinskyi: A Rare Strain Isolated in a Persistent Prosthetic Knee Joint Infection: A Case Report.

Case: A patient who underwent first-stage revision procedure elsewhere for prosthetic joint infection (PJI) of the knee with Kocuria rosea presented to us 9 months after the index surgery, with persistent infection. First-stage revision surgery was repeated and Mycobacterium wolinskyi, a rare rapidly growing nontuberculous mycobacterium (RGM), was isolated from samples obtained by sonication of the cement spacer. After a prolonged antibiotic course, definitive implantation surgery was done.