Neural activation associated with outgroup helping in adolescent rats.

Prosocial behavior, helping others in need in particular, occurs preferentially in response to the perceived distress of one's own group members or ingroup. To investigate the development of ingroup bias, neural activity during a helping test was analyzed in adolescent and adult rats. Although adults selectively released trapped ingroup members, adolescent rats helped both ingroup and outgroup members, suggesting that ingroup bias emerges in adulthood.

Early Life Sexual Trauma and Later Life Genitourinary Dysfunction and Functional Disability in Women.

Background: Past research has examined the health outcomes of early sexual trauma in reproductive age women, but little is known about potential long-term effects in older age.

Objective: To examine associations between early life sexual trauma and later life sexual/genitourinary dysfunction and general functional disability in women.

Design: Cross-sectional analysis of nationally representative observational data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (2010-2011) PARTICIPANTS: One thousand seven hundred forty-five US women aged ≥ 50 years MAIN MEASURES: Two forms of early life sexual trauma (childhood sexual abuse and unwanted first sexual experience), sexual/genitourinary dysfunction (pain during sex, lack of pleasure during sex, urinary incontinence, other urinary symptoms), and general functional disability (difficulty performing 7 activities of daily living (ADLs) or 8 instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)), assessed by interview and questionnaire.