Spectrum of endoscopic gastric subepithelial lesions encountered on EUS-FNA: A single center experience.

Background And Objectives: Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is a minimally invasive and reliable non-surgical technique for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal lesions. The present study aimed to evaluate the spectrum of lesions encountered in the gastric subepithelium on EUS-FNA at a tertiary care center.

Materials And Methods: Archival data of all patients undergoing EUS-FNA for gastric submucosal lesions over a period of 5 years was retrieved.

Anaplastic (undifferentiated) carcinoma of pancreas, an uncommon variant: Diagnosed on endoscopic-guided fine needle aspiration.

Anaplastic carcinoma of pancreas (ACP) are rare pancreatic neoplasms. They are well known to be associated with more aggressive tumor behavior and less favorable prognosis than usual pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Endoscopic-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is now a widely accepted modality in diagnosis of pancreatic lesions.

Diagnostic Utility of Claudin4 and Comparison with BerEp4 as a Marker for Metastatic Adenocarcinoma in Serous Effusions.

Introduction: Fluid cytology for malignant cells is important for diagnosis and staging of malignancies. Morphological overlap between reactive mesothelial cells and adenocarcinoma poses challenges, for which many immunohistochemical markers like BerEp4 and MOC-31 have been used extensively. Claudin4 is a new marker with promising results; however, further studies are required to establish its role as a pan-carcinoma marker in serous effusions.

Improved oral bioavailability of febuxostat by liquid self-micro emulsifying drug delivery system in capsule shells.

Purpose: Febuxostat is a non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitor which belongs to the BCS class II. Main aim of this study is to enhance dissolution and bioavailability of a drug by formulating a liquid self-micro emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) in different capsule shells.

Method: Compatability of gelatin and cellulose capsule shells was checked with different oils, surfactants and co-surfactants.

Grading of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors on endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration using Ki-67 index and 2017 World Health Organization criteria: An analysis of 32 cases.

Objectives: Biological behavior of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (Pan NETs) is difficult to predict on morphology alone. The assessment of proliferation by the Ki-67 proliferation index (PI) is considered to be an important prognostic parameter in these tumors and has been endorsed by the 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) grading system for Pan NETs. Although widely accepted on surgical specimens, there is varied opinion on grading of these tumors on cytology samples.

Widespread applications of host-guest interactive cyclodextrin functionalized polymer nanocomposites: Its meta-analysis and review.

Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides, having tyroid shape of the molecule which has a hydrophobic cavity and outer hydrophilic surface. This characteristic feature of the dextrins allows it to function as a functionalizing as well as a stabilizing agent. Polymer nanocomposites are nanoscale composites of polymers with enhanced and synergized properties of its components and have been known to have applications in various fields of chemistry, biomedical, pharmaceutical and environmental purposes to name a few.

Role of EUS-FNA for gallbladder mass lesions with biliary obstruction: a large single-center experience.

 Although endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is an established modality for pathological sampling of pancreatic and biliary lesions, limited data are available on the diagnostic value of EUS-FNA for evaluation of gallbladder mass lesions, a common cause of obstructive jaundice. We aimed to evaluate the usefulness of EUS-FNA for diagnosis of gallbladder mass lesions presenting with biliary obstruction.  This study was a retrospective analysis of data from patients who had undergone EUS-FNA for gallbladder mass lesions.

Development and validation of an HPLC-UV method for analysis of methylphenidate hydrochloride and loxapine succinate in an activated carbon disposal system.

Unused medications have the possibility of being abused, causing serious harm to individuals who were not prescribed the drug. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends the proper disposal of unused prescribed medications to maintain safety and prevent environmental hazards. However, many of the current disposal techniques do not properly address safety.

Enhancement in the Transdermal and Localized Delivery of Honokiol Through Breast Tissue.

Honokiol is a natural phenolic anti-cancer compound isolated from an extract of seed cones from Magnolia grandiflora. This study investigated the transdermal delivery of honokiol using various enhancement methods and to explore the potential of honokiol to treat breast cancer directly via delivery through mammary papilla. Poration of dermatomed human skin with microneedles significantly increased the delivery of honokiol by nearly 3-fold (97.

Formulation Development and Characterization of Nanoemulsion-Based Formulation for Topical Delivery of Heparinoid.

Heparinoid is commonly used for the treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis, a condition wherein inflammation and clotting occurs in the veins below the skin surface. However, stratum corneum is a major barrier that limits the delivery of hydrophilic heparinoid, in and across the skin. The aim of the present study was to develop a nonirritant topical formulation for heparinoid incorporating chemical penetration enhancers and investigate the delivery of heparinoid across the human epidermis using in vitro vertical Franz diffusion cells.

Evaluation of an activated carbon-based deactivation system for the disposal of highly abused opioid medications.

Context: The improper disposal of unused prescription opioids has a potential for abuse as well as environmental contamination. Consequently, there is an imperative need for an environmentally safe, convenient, and effective drug disposal system.

Objective: The objective of this study is to analyze the deactivation efficiency of the disposal system employing four model opioid drugs of high abuse potential.

Liquid-based and conventional cytology for bronchial washings/bronchoalveolar lavages in the diagnosis of malignancy - An institutional experience.

Background: Liquid-based cytology (LBC) has been developed as an alternative for conventional cytology (CC) in cervical smears. It is now increasingly being used all over the world for cervical cancer screening. However, its role and diagnostic accuracy in bronchial wash (BW)/bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens remains undetermined.

Mediastinal Adenopathy in India: Through the Eyes of Endobranchial Ultrasound.

Objective: Aetiology of mediastinal adenopathy is likely to vary with geographic location and socioeconomic status of a population. Whilst most of adenopathy in the West could be attributed to malignant disorders, causes of the same in a developing country like India has not been extensively studied earlier due to lack of less invasive tools to sample these nodes for cytological and microbiological analysis. Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) helps us reach these nodes as a minimally invasive procedure to take aspirations under real-time ultrasound guidance.

Clear cell neuroendocrine tumor of pancreas: Endoscopic Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration diagnosis of an uncommon variant.

The cytomorphologic features of clear cell neuroendocrine tumor of pancreas have been rarely reported in cytology literature. The cytomorphology of this rare variant mimics many primary and metastatic clear cell tumors of the pancreas. However, a precise cytological diagnosis can be rendered by awareness of this entity and judicious use of immunohistochemistry.

Solenopsin A and analogs exhibit ceramide-like biological activity.

Background: (-)-Solenopsin A is a piperidine alkaloid that is a component of the venom of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta. Previously, we have demonstrated that solenopsin exhibit anti-angiogenic activity and downregulate phosphoinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) in the p53 deficient renal cell carcinoma cell line 786-O. Solenopsin has structural similarities to ceramide, a major endogenous regulator of cell signaling and cancer therapy induced apoptosis.

Can cytomorphology of granulomas distinguish sarcoidosis from tuberculosis? Retrospective study of endobronchial ultrasound guided transbronchial needle aspirate of 49 granulomatous lymph nodes.

Background: The differential diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) and sarcoidosis on fine needle aspiration material is very challenging in tubercular endemic regions. We carried out a pilot study to explore cytomorphologic features of granulomas which could help in differentiation between sarcoidosis and TB. Final diagnoses in these patients were based on clinical, microbiologic and follow-up studies.

Hilar lymph node eroding into the pulmonary artery diagnosed by endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration.

Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) is a novel minimally invasive procedure useful for the evaluation and diagnosis of mediastinal lymph nodes and the lung parenchymal lesions. A 75-year-old woman diagnosed as a case of infiltrating duct adenocarcinoma of left breast 15 years back for which she underwent a modified radical mastectomy followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The patient presented to us with haemoptysis.

FNA diagnosis of CD99 positive neuroblastoma: A diagnostic dilemma.

Tissue diagnosis of small round cell tumors relies heavily on immunohistochemical staining. Two of the small round cell tumors, namely neuroblastoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor, have considerable morphologic overlap. Many studies suggest that CD99 positivity virtually excludes the diagnosis of neuroblastoma.

Fine needle aspiration cytology of metastatic urothelial carcinoma: Study of seven cases with review of literature.

Background: Metastatic urothelial carcinoma (UC) is rarely described in cytology literature. Appropriate cytological diagnosis is important in certain clinical scenarios to exclude a second primary.

Aims: To delineate cytological features that are helpful in diagnosing metastatic UC.

Fine needle aspiration biopsy in pediatric space-occupying lesions of liver: a retrospective study evaluating its role and diagnostic efficacy.

Background: Liver space-occupying lesions (SOLs) in the pediatric population form a unique and distinct spectrum as compared with those in the adult population. There are no large studies available in the English literature regarding fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in pediatric liver SOLs.

Aim: This study was done to familiarize with the cytomorphological features of these distinctive benign and malignant lesions of liver and to determine the specificity, sensitivity, and diagnostic efficacy of FNAC.