Early-infantile developmental and epileptic encephalopathy: the aetiologies, phenotypic differences and outcomes-a prospective observational study.

In this study, we have evaluated the underlying aetiologies, yield of genetic testing and long-term outcomes in patients with early-infantile developmental and epileptic encephalopathies. We have prospectively studied patients with seizure onset before 3 months of age. Based on the clinical details, neuroimaging, metabolic testing and comprehensive genetic evaluation, patients were classified into different aetiological groups.

Ruptured choledochal cyst: One-stage or two-stage, open or laparoscopic surgery?

Choledochal cyst (CDC) can present with complications such as cholangitis, perforation, pancreatitis and malignancy. Compared to the open technique for CDC, advantages of laparoscopic surgery are well known. Biliary peritonitis secondary to perforation/rupture of CDC is rare and is described in <2% of cases.