Excretion of psychoactive drugs into breast milk. Pharmacokinetic principles and recommendations.

The postpartum period is a time of great physical and emotional changes. The incidence of psychiatric illness is higher in this period than at any other time in a women's life. Therefore, the question of whether women receiving psychotropic drugs should continue breast feeding is an important one.

Stereoselective disposition of ibuprofen enantiomers in infants.

The pharmacokinetics of the enantiomers of ibuprofen were investigated after oral administration of a single 7.6 +/- 0.3 mg kg-1 dose of the racemate in 11 infants.

The gene encoding rat phosphoglycerate mutase subunit M: cloning and promoter analysis in skeletal muscle cells.

The expression of the gene encoding the muscle-specific (M)-subunit of phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM-M) is restricted to adult skeletal and cardiac muscle. In order to study its expression in muscle, the rat PGAM-M gene has been isolated and sequenced. Rat PGAM-M spans about 2.

Biotransformation of caffeine in human liver microsomes from foetuses, neonates, infants and adults.

1. Caffeine metabolism was studied in human liver microsomes from foetuses (n = 10), neonates (n = 10), infants (n = 9) and adults (n = 5). Caffeine and its metabolites, 1-3-7-trimethyluric acid, paraxanthine, theophylline and theobromine, were assayed by h.

[Pharmacokinetics of diphemanil methylsulfate in infants].

Background: Diphemanil methylsulfate is an atropin-like drug used in some infants suffering from vagal bradycardia. Its pharmacokinetic parameters are known for adults but not for infants. The report describes these parameters in six infants.

Safety, tolerability, efficacy and plasma concentrations of tropisetron after administration at five dose levels to children receiving cancer chemotherapy.

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, escalating dose study, 44 children receiving cancer chemotherapy of various degrees of emetogenicity were randomly allocated to once-daily treatment with tropisetron 0.05 mg/kg (6 patients), 0.10 mg/kg (5 patients), 0.

Relevance of the pharmacokinetics of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in children.

The pharmacokinetics of the NSAIDs is relevant to therapy in different ways: absorption, protein binding and distribution, metabolism and elimination. The pharmacokinetics of a drug is most relevant to therapy when plasma concentrations of the drug are related to efficacy and/or to side effects. The kinetic parameters then allow one to calculate the optimal dose regimen, i.

Effect of pregnandiol on caffeine metabolism in female rats.

Three groups of six 5-week-old Sprague Dawley female rats received i.p. injections of pregnandiol, 1.

Satellite cell myogenesis is highly stimulated by the kinase inhibitor iso-H7: comparison with HA1004 and staurosporine effects.

Differentiation of rat satellite cells, measured by cell fusion into myotubes and isozymic conversion of creatine kinase and phosphoglycerate mutase, was shown to be highly increased in the presence of 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-3-methylpiperazine (iso-H7). This substance inhibited both protein kinase C (PKC) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) activities with similar IC50 between 22 and 34 microM. Iso-H7, as well as the PKA inhibitor HA1004 increased myogenic differentiation without altering the proliferation of satellite cells, whereas the proliferation and the differentiation of these cells were inhibited by the PKC inhibitor staurosporine.

Dose-response study of metoclopramide in gastroesophageal reflux in infancy.

Twenty-four infants, 1 to 18 months-old, who were referred to four centers for suspected gastroesophageal reflux and whose esophageal pH after a standard formula meal given at 9 to 10 am (Ho-day 1) fulfilled the criterion of being < 4 for more than 5% of the time between H1 and H6, entered a double-blind placebo-controlled dose-response trial of metoclopramide (M). Twenty-four hours later (day 2), patients were randomly assigned to receive either placebo or a single 0.1, 0.

Pharmacokinetics of diphemanil methylsulphate in infants.

The pharmacokinetics of diphemanil methylsulphate was evaluated after oral administration of a single 3 mg.kg-1 dose to 5 infants being treated for symptomatic bradycardia. The mean pharmacokinetic parameters of oral diphemanil methylsulphate in infants were similar to those in adults.

Caffeine metabolism in liver slices during postnatal development in rats.

The metabolism of caffeine was investigated in liver slices from newborn, preweanling, postweanling, and adult rats. All metabolites were identified and quantified by HPLC without using radioactive compound. Caffeine metabolism underwent dramatic changes during maturation in rats.

Vigabatrin. Clinical pharmacokinetics.

Vigabatrin is a structural analogue of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). It is supplied as a racemic mixture, with the S(+) enantiomer possessing pharmacological activity. [R,S]-Vigabatrin plasma concentrations can be estimated using high-performance liquid chromatographic methods.

Functional antagonism between YY1 and the serum response factor.

The rapid, transient induction of the c-fos proto-oncogene by serum growth factors is mediated by the serum response element (SRE). The SRE shares homology with the muscle regulatory element (MRE) of the skeletal alpha-actin promoter. It is not known how these elements respond to proliferative and cell-type-specific signals, but the response appears to involve the binding of the serum response factor (SRF) and other proteins.

Isolation and sequencing of a cDNA encoding the B isozyme of rat phosphoglycerate mutase.

Phosphoglycerate mutase consists of two kinds of different subunits, M and B. We previously sequenced a rat cDNA encoding the type-M subunit. Here, we report the sequence of the type-B subunit-encoding cDNA.

Pharmacokinetics of diphemanil methylsulphate in healthy subjects.

The pharmacokinetic parameters of oral diphemanil methylsulphate have been evaluated in six healthy male volunteers. Absorption of the drug was slow (tmax = 2 to 4 h), the mean half-life was 8.35 h, and the amount of the drug recovered in urine within 48 h ranged from 0.

Could saliva stand for plasma in theophylline monitoring in asthmatic children? Still a controversial problem.

Theophylline determination in saliva was proposed several years ago as a convenient and non-invasive alternative to monitoring plasma in children and adults. Published data demonstrated that theophylline saliva concentration linearly correlates plasma concentration. However, the variability found in interindividual serum/saliva ratios and the wide scattering among the data points precluded the clinical use of saliva for theophylline monitoring.

Side effects of antiepileptic drugs in children.

Side effects of antiepileptic drugs in children have to be considered at all stages of maturation: during pregnancy, at birth, during breast feeding and in older children treated for epilepsy. The offspring of drug treated epileptic mothers have a higher incidence of congenital malformations than do those of normal controls or of non treated epileptic mothers. According to recent prospective studies teratogenicity appears to be attributable to antiepileptic drugs rather than to epilepsy since more congenital anomalies have been found among infants of treated epileptic mothers than among untreated epileptic mothers.

A simple non-invasive procedure for the investigation of cytochrome P-450 IIIA dependent enzymes in humans.

Urinary 6 beta-hydroxycortisol (6 beta OHF) is a specific marker of the induction of the cytochrome P-450 IIIA. Often, the production of 6 beta OHF is expressed from 24-h urine collection as the ratio 6 beta OHF/17-hydroxycorticosteroids or even better 6 beta OHF/free cortisol in order to adjust for minor day to day variation in adrenal cortisol production. A 24-h urine collection is a non-invasive method applicable to clinical studies in adult man, but more difficult to realize in newborn and infants.

Caffeine acetylator phenotyping during maturation in infants.

Caffeine acetylator phenotype was studied during maturation in 54 8- to 447-d-old children hospitalized for minor disease (group A) and in five 3- to 630-d-old children with Pierre Robin syndrome (group B). In group A, the children received 2.5 mg/kg caffeine orally once between birth and 15 mo.

Pharmacokinetics of midazolam in children: comparative study of intranasal and intravenous administration.

Twelve children 1-5 y old were randomly assigned to receive midazolam 0.2 mg.kg-1 either by the intravenous (IV) or intranasal (IN) routes.

Pharmacokinetics of tiaprofenic acid in children after a single oral dose.

Twelve healthy children in three age groups anaesthetized for minor surgery were given a single oral dose of tiaprofenic acid (3 mg.kg-1) (TA). Seven blood samples and zero to 8 and 8 to 24 h urines were collected.