The Anatomical Specificity Between Acupoints and the Facial Nerve: A Cadaveric Study.

Objective: This research was conducted to increase precision of point location and standardize acupoint targets in relation to the facial nerve (CN VII).

Materials And Methods: A literature review, cadaver dissection, and electrostimulation of the CN VII were performed, focusing on the anatomical locations of the acupoints along the facial-nerve trajectory. The results were contrasted against established acupoint locations described in the 4th edition of

Results: Triple Energizer (TE)-17 targets the facial nerve at its cranial exit; at the facial nerve trunk; at the frontotemporal branch; Gallbladder (GB)-3 at the zygomatic branch; Small Intestine (SI)-18 at the buccal branch; Stomach (ST)-5 at the marginal mandibular branch; SI-17 at the cervical branch; TE-18 at the posterior auricular branch; TE-19 at the posterior auricular nerve; TE-20 at the superior auricular nerve; and TE-22 at the anterior auricular nerve.

The Anatomical Relationship Between Acupoints of the Face and the Trigeminal Nerve.

Acupuncture continues to gain popularity as a first treatment option for a variety of conditions; however, an in-depth understanding of the relationships between the acupoints and the underlying anatomy of the human body is often unclear. This article updates the anatomical relationship between facial acupoints and the trigeminal nerve (CN V) and contrasts the results against the standard textbook . A literature review, cadaver dissection, and a neuroanatomical stimulation of the CN V was conducted, focusing on the anatomical locations of the acupoints along the CN V on the face and nerve block targets.

Distinct Neuroanatomical Structures of Acupoints Kidney 1 to Kidney 8: A Cadaveric Study.

The / (, ) is considered to be the first complete acupuncture manual to detail the location and meridian assignations of 349 acupuncture points. Despite numerous transcriptions and editing changes, many traditional acupuncturists adhere to the classics and rarely question their validity. However, ushering the use of acupuncture into the modern era requires examining acupuncture point locations objectively by comparing contemporary anatomical knowledge with classical texts.

Neuroembryology of the Acupuncture Principal Meridians: Part 3. The Head and Neck.

Accumulating evidence from anatomical, physiologic, and neuroimaging research shows that Classical acupuncture points stimulate nerve trunks or their branches in the head, trunk, and extremities. The first part of this series revealed that phenomenon in the extremities. Principal meridian distributions mirror those of major peripheral nerves there and Classical acupuncture points are proximate to peripheral nerves there.

Functional role of conserved residues in the characteristic secretion NTPase motifs of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type IV pilus motor proteins PilB, PilT and PilU.

Type IV pili are retractable protein fibres used by many bacterial pathogens for adherence, twitching motility, biofilm development and host colonization. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, PilB and PilT are bipolar proteins belonging to the secretion NTPase superfamily, and power pilus extension and retraction, respectively, while the unipolar PilT paralogue PilU supports pilus retraction in an unknown manner. Assay of purified 6xHis-tagged PilB, PilT and PilU from P.

Disparate subcellular localization patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Type IV pilus ATPases involved in twitching motility.

The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa expresses polar type IV pili (TFP), which are responsible for adhesion to various materials and twitching motility on surfaces. Twitching occurs by alternate extension and retraction of TFP, which arise from assembly and disassembly of pilin subunits at the base of the pilus. The ATPase PilB promotes pilin assembly, while the ATPase PilT or PilU or both promote pilin dissociation.

Biofilm formation by hyperpiliated mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Under static growth conditions, hyperpiliated, nontwitching pilT and pilU mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa formed dense biofilms, showing that adhesion, not twitching motility, is necessary for biofilm initiation. Under flow conditions, the pilT mutant formed mushroom-like structures larger than those of the wild type but the pilU mutant was defective in biofilm formation. Therefore, twitching motility affects the development of biofilm structure, possibly through modulation of detachment.