Dietary supplementation with cholesterol and docosahexaenoic acid affects concentrations of amino acids in tissues of young pigs.

Cholesterol and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are important nutrients for neural development of infants. However, little is known about the effect of cholesterol or DHA on concentrations of amino acids (AA) in neonatal tissues. This study was conducted with the piglet (an established model for studying human infant nutrition) to test the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with the lipids may modulate AA availability in tissues.

Dietary supplementation with cholesterol and docosahexaenoic acid increases the activity of the arginine-nitric oxide pathway in tissues of young pigs.

Nitric oxide (NO), synthesized from l-arginine by tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)-dependent NO synthase (NOS), is critical for neurological and muscular development and function. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that cholesterol and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) may modulate the arginine-NO pathway in tissues of the young pig. Sixteen newborn pigs were nursed by sows for 24h and then assigned to one of four treatment groups, representing supplementation with 0.

Neonatal dietary cholesterol and alleles of cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase affect piglet cerebrum weight, cholesterol concentration, and behavior.

This experiment was designed to test the effect of polymorphism in the cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase (CYP7) gene locus and dietary cholesterol (C) on cerebrum C in neonatal pigs fed sow's milk formulas. Thirty-six pigs (18 male and 18 female) genetically selected for high (HG) or low (LG) plasma total C were weaned at 24-36 h after birth and assigned in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with 2 diets (0 or 0.5% C), 2 sexes, and 2 genotypes (HG and LG).

Effects of combining three fungal phytases with a bacterial phytase on plasma phosphorus status of weanling pigs fed a corn-soy diet.

The objective of this study was to determine possible synergistic effects of supplementing one of three fungal phytases: Aspergillus fumitagus PhyA (AFP),A. niger PhyA (ANP), or Peniophora lyci phytase (PLP) with an Escherichia coli AppA phytase (EP) in diets for pigs. Three experiments, each lasting for 4 wk, were conducted with a total of 106 weanling pigs (5 wk old).

Evaluation of fat sources on cholesterol and lipoproteins using pigs selected for high or low serum cholesterol.

At approximately 8 weeks of age, four-way cross (Chester White×Landrace×Large White×Yorkshire) pigs (n=24) were selected based on genetically high (H) or low (L) serum cholesterol levels-12 from each genetic group-to determine the relationship between genetics, fat source, and sex class on plasma cholesterol, growth, carcass characteristics, and cholesterol and lipid content of muscle and adipose tissues. Boars and gilts, six each from the two genetic groups, were assigned randomly to one of three dietary treatments for 46 days. A standard grower diet was modified to include beef tallow (T), corn oil (CR) or coconut oil (CC), and the pigs were given ad libitum access to feed.

Effectiveness of an experimental consensus phytase in improving dietary phytate-phosphorus utilization by weanling pigs.

Consensus phytase is a new biosynthetic, heat-stable enzyme derived from the sequences of multiple homologous phytases. Two experiments were conducted to determine its effectiveness, relative to inorganic P and a mutant enzyme of Escherichia coli phytase (Mutant-EP), in improving dietary phytate-P availability to pigs. In Exp.

Effects of stocking rate and crude protein intake during gestation on ground cover, soil-nitrate concentration, and sow and litter performance in an outdoor swine production system.

Pregnant gilts (n = 126) were assigned randomly to 12 0.4-ha old world-spar bluestem (Bothriochloa ischaemum) pastures in an outdoor swine (Sus scrofa) production system to examine effects of stocking rates (17.5 or 35 gilts/ha; 7 or 14 gilts per pasture) and dietary N on percentage of ground cover, soil nitrate (NO3-) concentration, and reproductive performance.

Perinatal ontogeny of brain growth in the domestic pig.

The perinatal development of the brain is highlighted by a growth spurt whose timing varies among species. The growth of the porcine cerebrum was investigated from the third trimester of gestation (70 days postconception) through the first 3.5 weeks of postnatal life (140 days postconception).

Dietary intrinsic phytate protects colon from lipid peroxidation in pigs with a moderately high dietary iron intake.

High iron consumption has been proposed to relate to an increase in the risk of colon cancer, whereas high levels of supplemental sodium phytate effectively reduce iron-induced oxidative injury and reverse iron-dependent augmentation of colorectal tumorigenesis. However, the protective role of intrinsic dietary phytate has not been determined. In this study, we examined the impact of removing phytate present in a corn-soy diet by supplemental microbial phytase on susceptibility of pigs to the oxidative stress caused by a moderately high dietary iron intake.

Pigs fed cholesterol neonatally have increased cerebrum cholesterol as young adults.

Sixty-eight female neonatal pigs selected for seven (Experiment 1) or eight (Experiment 2) generations for high (HG) or low (LG) plasma cholesterol were used to test the hypothesis that neonatal dietary cholesterol fed during the first 4 or 8 wk of postnatal life increases the cholesterol content of the cerebrum in young adulthood following free access to a high-fat (15%), high-cholesterol (0.5%) diet from 8 to 20 or 24 wk of age. Pigs were removed from their dams at 1 d of age and given free access to a sow-milk replacer diet containing 9.

Maternal dietary protein deficiency decreases nitric oxide synthase and ornithine decarboxylase activities in placenta and endometrium of pigs during early gestation.

Little is known about the mechanism responsible for retarded placental and fetal growth induced by maternal dietary protein malnutrition. On the basis of the recent finding that nitric oxide (NO) and polyamines (products of L-arginine) play an important role in embryonic and placental development, the present study was designed to determine whether protein deficiency decreases placental and endometrial activities of NO synthase (NOS) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) (the first and key regulatory enzyme in polyamine synthesis). Primiparous gilts selected genetically for low or high plasma total cholesterol concentrations (low line and high line, respectively) were mated and then fed 1.

Adding wheat middlings, microbial phytase, and citric acid to corn-soybean meal diets for growing pigs may replace inorganic phosphorus supplementation.

Three experiments were conducted with 96 growing Landrace x Yorkshire x Duroc crossbreds to determine the collective effectiveness of cereal phytase from wheat middlings, microbial phytase, and citric acid in improving phytate-P bioavailability in corn-soy diets. In Exp. 1, 40 gilts (7 wk old) were fed five diets for 8 wk.

Maternal dietary protein deficiency decreases amino acid concentrations in fetal plasma and allantoic fluid of pigs.

This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that maternal dietary protein deficiency decreases amino acid availability to the fetus, thereby contributing to retarded fetal growth. Primiparous gilts selected genetically for low or high plasma total cholesterol concentrations (low line and high line, respectively) were mated, and then fed 1.8 kg/d of isocaloric diets containing 13% or 0.

Alleles of the cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7) gene in pigs selected for high or low plasma total cholesterol.

Crossbred pigs were selected for high (HTC) or low (LTC) plasma total cholesterol (TC). Pigs from the seventh (n = 51) and eighth (n = 92) generations were used to determine restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). Using TaqI restriction enzyme digestion, the frequencies of two alleles (2.

Exogenous insulin-like growth factor-I increases weight gain in intrauterine growth-retarded neonatal pigs.

Many cases of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) are the result of placental insufficiency, suggesting that potential therapies should focus on the neonate rather than the pregnant female. We wished to determine whether IGF-I could be used therapeutically to stimulate normal rates of growth in these neonates. Eight sows received 2.

Intrauterine growth restriction does not alter response of protein synthesis to feeding in newborn pigs.

This study aimed to determine the effect of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) on the acute response of tissue protein synthesis to feeding in newborn pigs. Newborn pigs of sows fed either control or protein-restricted diets throughout gestation were designated C or IUGR, respectively. Both groups were either fasted for 9 h after birth or fed hourly 30 ml colostrum/kg body wt for 2.

Divergent concentrations of plasma metabolites in swine selected for seven generations for high or low plasma total cholesterol.

It was reported previously that selection for high (HG) or low (LG) plasma total cholesterol (TC) at 8 wk of age in a composite four-breed swine population resulted after four generations in divergent mean concentrations in the selected lines. The data revealed a significant positive correlation between body weight (BW) and TC concentration at 8 wk of age and differential responses in litter size, backfat depth, and carcass length at 6 mo of age. We report here the relationship between plasma TC concentration and other plasma traits related to growth and metabolism in the seventh generation of selection in these two lines of pigs.

Ontogeny and dietary modulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activities in neonatal pigs.

The development of hepatic and ileal -hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase was studied in three types of young pigs crossbred, obese, and lean pigs). Pigs were fed one of two diets: a high-fat (coconut oil), high-cholesterol 1.0%; designated HC) diet or a high-fat, noncholesterol (designated NC) diet from postpartum d 3 to d 13, 25, and 42 (crossbred only).

Chronic low protein intake reduces tissue protein synthesis in a pig model of protein malnutrition.

To determine the effect of severe chronic protein deficiency on protein synthesis in different tissues and total protein in plasma, and on plasma biochemical constituents involved in amino acid metabolism, we fed diets containing either 20 or 3% protein to two groups of four age-matched piglets. After consuming the diets for 8 wk, the pigs received a primed-constant infusion of 2 H3-leucine for 8 h to measure the fractional synthesis rates (FSR) of tissue protein and total protein in plasma. Plasma urea and amino acid concentrations, particularly indispensable amino acids, were significantly lower in protein-deficient pigs.

Obese pigs fed a high cholesterol diet from birth to 2 months are less susceptible than lean pigs to atherosclerosis.

Dietary cholesterol in infancy may alter cholesterol metabolism and the propensity to develop atherosclerosis. This study examined the effects of a 1% cholesterol diet (HC) vs. a no-cholesterol diet (NC) during the first 2 mo of life on pigs selectively bred for leanness or obesity.

Severe protein deficiency and repletion alter body and brain composition and organ weights in infant pigs.

Three-wk-old genetically lean or obese pigs were used in two experiments to determine the changes in body composition, visceral organs and brain in response to severe protein deficiency. In Experiment 1, 16 obese pigs were fed an adequate (A, 21% protein, 3% fat) or a protein-deficient (D, 5% protein, 23% fat) diet for 7 wk. One-half of each group was killed at 7 wk, and the remainder of each group was fed the A diet for an additional 8 wk.