Harnessing the post-vaccination era: Do emerging HPV types represent a new threat?

While the HPV vaccine is highly effective, it is unknown whether other, untargeted viral types could occupy empty niches to become an emerging threat. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Pimenoff and colleagues present a community-level epidemiological analysis of HPV types up to 8 years after different vaccination policies.

Acute Cholangitis After Bilioenteric Anastomosis for Bile Duct Injuries.

Background/purpose: The study aims to describe the clinical features, microbiology, and associated factors of acute cholangitis (AC) after bilioenteric anastomosis (BEA) for biliary duct injury (BDI). Additionally, we assessed the performance of the Tokyo Guidelines 2013 (TG13) recommendations in these patients.

Methods: We conducted a case-control study of 524 adults with a history of BEA for BDI from January 2000 to January 2014.

Gastric cancer progression associated with local humoral immune responses.

Background: Although the association between H. pylori and gastric cancer has been well described, the alterations studies are scarce in the humoral immune response in specific anatomical areas of stomach and during the stages of gastric cancer. The aim in this study was to determine the influence of humoral immune responses against H.

Health-Related Quality of Life in leukemia Survivors of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Employing the Mexican Reduced-Intensity Conditioning.

Background: Quality of life (QOL) is an important consideration in the counseling, implementation, and post-treatment management of arduous treatments for life-threatening conditions such as allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT).

Objective: To analyze the QOL of leukemia patients allografted with the Mexican reduced-intensity conditioning regimen in two Mexican academic medical centers.

Material And Methods: By means of the quality metric short form 36 version 2 to measure generic health concepts, relevant QOL was analyzed in leukemia patients who underwent allo-HCT using reduced-intensity conditioning on an outpatient basis at either the Centro de Hematología y Medicina Interna de Puebla of the Clínica Ruiz or the Hematology Service of the Internal Medicine Department of the Hospital "Dr.

Impact of ertapenem on antimicrobial resistance in a sentinel group of Gram-negative bacilli: a 6 year antimicrobial resistance surveillance study.

Objectives: To determine the association between ertapenem and resistance of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex to different antimicrobials while adjusting for relevant hospital factors.

Methods: This was a retrospective time-series study conducted at a tertiary care centre from September 2002 to August 2008. The specific impact of ertapenem on the resistance of these Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) was assessed by multiple linear regression analysis, adjusting for the average length of stay, rate of hospital-acquired infections and use of 10 other antimicrobials, including type 2 carbapenems.

Secondary malignancies after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation using reduced-intensity conditioning and outpatient conduction.

Background: Patients given allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT) may develop secondary malignant neoplasms (SMN). Several variables have been identified but there are no data about the incidence of this complication in individuals given HSCT using reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) methods.

Objective: Define the incidence of SMN in patients given HSCT using a RIC preparative regimen conducted on an outpatient basis.

Genetic variations in toll-like receptor 4 in Mexican-Mestizo patients with intra-abdominal infection and/or pneumonia.

Sepsis is a leading cause of death around the world, and 73-83% of all sepsis cases requiring attention in intensive care units are linked to intra-abdominal infection (IAI) or pneumonia. The activation of innate immunity is central to the manifestation of sepsis, and toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 plays an important role in this activation process. The 299G and 399I alleles of TLR4 have been linked with an increased risk of Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) infections and septic shock in some populations.

Pathogenicity island cag, vacA and IS605 genotypes in Mexican strains of Helicobacter pylori associated with peptic ulcers.

Background: Helicobacter pylori is associated with chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. Two major virulence factors of H. pylori have been described: the pathogenicity island cag (cag PAI) and the vacuolating cytotoxin gene (vacA).

Validation of the psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score (PHES) for identifying patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy.

Background: The psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score (PHES) is a battery of neuropsychological tests used in the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE).

Aim: The aim of this study was to construct and validate a dataset of normal values for the PHES.

Methods: Volunteers and patients with cirrhosis with and without low-grade overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE) were enrolled.

Geographical variation in human papillomavirus prevalence in Mexican women with normal cytology.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and genotype distribution in Mexican women with similar lifestyles from two geographical regions who receive medical care from the Mexican Navy Health System, and to identify the associated sociodemographic and reproductive characteristics.

Methods: Cervical swabs from 671 women, beneficiaries of the Mexican Navy Health System, from two distinct southern coast regions of Mexico, were analyzed. Data were obtained regarding sociodemographic variables and sexual and reproductive history.

Inadequate therapy behavior is associated to disease flares in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have achieved remission with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs.

Objectives: (1) To determine 6-month follow-up adherence and persistence with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis with disease under control. (2) To compare disease flares across adherent, nonadherent, persistent and nonpersistent patients. (3) To identify differences in adherent and persistent rates among therapeutic regimens.

Prospective evaluation of oral mucositis in acute leukemia patients receiving chemotherapy.

Purpose: Knowledge of oral mucositis (OM) in patients with acute leukemia (AL) and chemotherapy (CT) has remained limited. Thus, a prospective, longitudinal study was undertaken to characterize clinical features, associated risk factors, and behavior of OM in a cohort of AL patients starting CT.

Methods: Prospective and longitudinal study.

Diagnostic accuracy of fine needle aspiration biopsy in preoperative diagnosis of patients with parotid gland masses.

Background: The use of fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) for diagnosis of parotid gland masses (PGM) is questioned, because of low sensitivity and the generalized belief requiring surgery for most parotid masses. Information available is retrospective. Our objective was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of FNAB for diagnosis of patients with PGM.

Functional implication of sequence variation in the long control region and E2 gene among human papillomavirus type 18 variants.

Cervical cancer incidence remains highly frequent in developing countries. It is possible that populations of these countries are exposed to more oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) variants. Functional differences among high-risk HPV variants have been described, suggesting repercussions on their oncogenic potential.

High diversity of vacA and cagA Helicobacter pylori genotypes in patients with and without gastric cancer.

Background: Helicobacter pylori is associated with chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the topographical distribution of H. pylori in the stomach as well as the vacA and cagA genotypes in patients with and without gastric cancer.

Microbiological implications of periurban agriculture and water reuse in Mexico City.

Background: Recycled treated or untreated wastewater represents an important health challenge in developing countries due to potential water related microbiological exposure. Our aim was to assess water quality and health implications in a Mexico City periurban agricultural area.

Methodology/principal Findings: A longitudinal study in the Xochimilco wetland area was conducted, and 42 sites were randomly selected from 211, including irrigation water canals and effluents of treatment plants.

Potential toxic effects associated to metals and endotoxin present in PM10: an ancillary study using multivariate analysis.

In the evaluation of particulate matter (PM) toxicity, one faces the challenge of identifying components that could be addressed as markers of toxicity. This study examines the use of statistical methods to determine which components present in the complex mixtures are related to toxic effects. The work is based on data previously published, where we demonstrated that particles collected in different zones of Mexico City showed different ability of inducing cell death, causing DNA damage, or creating proinflammatory effects.

Oral lesions as clinical markers of highly active antiretroviral therapy failure: a nested case-control study in Mexico City.

Background: Clinical markers that may predict virological failure during highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) have not been evaluated adequately. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the usefulness of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related oral lesions as clinical predictors of virological failure in HIV-infected patients receiving HAART.

Methods: A nested case-control study was conducted within a cohort of 1134 HIV-infected patients receiving HAART who attended the AIDS Clinic of the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán in Mexico City during the period 1997-2005.

Colchicine delays the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis virus-related liver cirrhosis.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant neoplasm associated with liver cirrhosis, with an annual incidence of 3% to 9%, which is one of the main causes of death in patients with cirrhosis. Viral hepatitis is associated with an increased risk of HCC, probably due to an inflammatory reaction. Colchicine is an antiinflammatory agent that inhibits the formation of intracellular microtubules, affecting mitosis and fibrogenesis.