Hyperprolactinemia and Antipsychotic Therapy in Schizophrenic Patients with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis.

Introduction: Hyperprolactinemia (HPRL) is known as a side effect of some antidepressants and antipsychotics. These medicines are common in treatment of schizophrenia. Thus, HPRL is often observed in schizophrenic patients.

Alpha-enolase involvement in intestinal and extraintestinal manifestations of celiac disease.

Celiac disease is a life-long intestinal autoimmune disease, characterized by the gluten intolerance and chronic enteric inflammation. Traditionally presented by intestinal manifestations, however, a shift toward extra intestinal presentation is taking place. One of the affected organs is the nervous systems presented by neuropsychiatric manifestations, hence the mechanism and pathways are not clear.

Thyroid gland and brain: Enigma of Hashimoto's encephalopathy.

The versatile clinical manifestations of the Hashimoto's chronic autoimmune thyroiditis often include psycho-neurological disorders. Although hypothyroidism disturbs significantly the ontogenesis and functions of central nervous system, causing in severe cases of myxedema profound impairment of cognitive abilities and even psychosis, the behavioral, motor and other psychoneurological disorders accompany euthyroid and slightly hypothyroid cases and periods of Hashimoto's disease as well, thus constituting the picture of so called "Hashimoto's encephalopathy". The entity, although discussed and explored for more than 50 years since its initial descriptions, remains an enigma of thyroidology and psychiatry, because its etiology and pathogenesis are obscure.