Partition coefficients of environmentally important phenols in a supercritical carbon dioxide-water system from cocurrent extraction without analysis of the compressible phase.

Partition coefficients of phenol, salicylic acid, and several environmentally important chloro- and nitrophenols in a supercritical CO2-water system were measured using direct cocurrent extraction of aqueous solutions of the individual solutes with CO2. Partitioning data on the nitrophenols and salicylic acid were obtained for the first time. To bypass the troublesome and error-prone analysis of the CO2-rich phase, the present method employed only the solute concentrations in the aqueous phase before and after extraction to determine the partition coefficient.

Immunological basis of differences in disease resistance in the chicken.

Genetic resistance to diseases is a multigenic trait governed mainly by the immune system and its interactions with many physiologic and environmental factors. In the adaptive immunity, T cell and B cell responses, the specific recognition of antigens and interactions between antigen presenting cells, T cells and B cells are crucial. It occurs through a network of mediator proteins such as the molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), T cell receptors, immunoglobulins and secreted proteins such as the cytokines and antibodies.

Experimental reproduction of malabsorption syndrome with different combinations of reovirus, Escherichia coli, and treated homogenates obtained from broilers.

Attempts to reproduce malabsorption syndrome (MAS) by oral inoculation with several different combinations including intestinal homogenate, reovirus, and hemolytic Escherichia coli obtained from MAS-affected chickens and intestinal homogenate from healthy chickens (healthy homogenate) were performed in 1-day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) broilers. The MAS homogenate, serving as a positive control, induced weight gain depression and intestinal lesions such as cystic crypts of Lieberkuhn, villus atrophy, and lymphoid and/or granulocytic infiltration. The healthy homogenate, the formalin-treated MAS homogenate, the formalin-treated healthy homogenate, and phosphate-buffered saline caused neither weight gain depression nor intestinal lesions.

Cellular immune response in the small intestine of two broiler chicken lines orally inoculated with malabsorption syndrome homogenates.

We studied the cellular immune response against malabsorption syndrome (MAS) in two broiler chicken lines, A and B. We determined the number of pan T-lymphocytes (CD3), helper T-lymphocytes (CD4), cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CD8) and macrophages/monocytes in the small intestine in the first 2 weeks after oral inoculation of two MAS homogenates, MAS80 and MAS97-1. The immune cells were detected on cryostat tissue by immunohistochemistry and counted by villus area.

Efficacy of inactivated infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccines: comparison of serology with protection of progeny chickens against IBD virus strains of varying virulence.

The efficacy of inactivated infectious bursal disease vaccines was determined by measuring both the antibody response of vaccinated chickens and clinical protection of progeny chicks from vaccinated dams. Similar virus neutralizing (VN) antibody titres were obtained in 4-week-old chickens and mature hens after vaccination with one vaccine dose. VN titres below 10 log 2 increased considerably between the fourth and seventh week after vaccination in 4-week-old chickens as well as in mature chickens.

A quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of PRRSV vaccination in pigs under experimental conditions.

This paper presents a quantitative approach to evaluate effectiveness of vaccination under experimental conditions. We used two consecutive experimental designs to investigate whether PRRSV transmission among vaccinated pigs was reduced compared to control pigs and to estimate the reproduction parameter R. Based upon data analysis and power calculations the series of small-scale vaccination-challenge experiments ended with multiple one-to-one experiments.

A comparative study of the pathogenesis of malabsorption syndrome in broilers.

Five malabsorption syndrome (MAS) homogenates from The Netherlands and Germany were used to reproduce MAS in broilers. We studied the histopathology after inoculation of 1-day-old broiler chicks and the agents that might be involved. Generally, the MAS homogenates induced signs that differed in severity and pathobiology.

Systemic and mucosal isotype-specific antibody responses in pigs to experimental influenza virus infection.

The immunoglobulin isotype-specific responses in serum and at the respiratory mucosa of pigs after a primary infection with influenza virus were studied. To do this, we developed an aerosol challenge model for influenza in specified pathogen-free (SPF) pigs and isotype-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Ten-week-old pigs were inoculated without anesthesia in the nostrils with an aerosol of the field isolate influenza A/swine/Neth/St.

Introduction, persistence and fade-out of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in a Dutch breeding herd: a mathematical analysis.

The objective of this study was to investigate the dynamics of PRRSV infection and to quantify transmission within a breeding herd, and its impact on herd performance. For this purpose a longitudinal study was performed in a closed breeding herd of 115 sows. Statistical methods and Monte Carlo simulations based on stochastic SIR models were used to analyse the observational data.

Changes of leukocyte phenotype and function in the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid of pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: a role for CD8(+) cells.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV) primarily infects and destroys alveolar macrophages of the pig. The aim of the present study was to characterize the changes of leukocyte populations in the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of PRRSV-infected pigs. Piglets were inoculated intranasally with PRRSV strain LV ter Huurne.

Test-retest reliability of the GO-QOL: a disease-specific quality of life questionnaire for patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy.

To assess the test-retest reliability of a recently developed disease-specific quality of life questionnaire for evaluative studies in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy (the GO-QOL), measuring visual functioning and psychosocial consequences of changed appearance. Ninety-three patients were included and completed the GO-QOL. Additional information on general quality of life and disease characteristics was obtained.

Multidrug resistance-related proteins in primary choroidal melanomas and in vitro cell lines.

Purpose: Metastatic uveal melanoma is strongly resistant to chemotherapy, and multidrug resistance (MDR) may be involved. To investigate the role of MDR, the presence of the MDR-associated proteins P-glycoprotein (Pgp), MRP, and lung resistance protein (LRP) was determined on primary choroidal melanomas and cell lines.

Methods: A panel of primary choroidal melanomas was examined for the presence of MDR-associated proteins by immunohistochemical analysis.

Detection of early infection of swine vesicular disease virus in porcine cells and skin sections. A comparison of immunohistochemistry and in-situ hybridization.

Sensitive methods are required to study the early pathogenesis of swine vesicular diseases (SVD). Therefore, two new methods, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in-situ hybridization (ISH), were developed and tested for their specificity and sensitivity. With these methods the SVD virus (SVDV) infection in cytospins of primary porcine kidney cells and in frozen skin sections was investigated.

On-line immunoanalysis of monoclonal antibodies during a continuous culture of hybridoma cells.

The monoclonal-antibody production of an immobilized hybridoma cell line cultivated in a fluidized-bed reactor was monitored on-line for nearly 900 h. The monoclonal antibody concentration was determined by an immuno affinity-chromatography method (ABICAP). Antibodies directed against the product, e.

Dual infections of PRRSV/influenza or PRRSV/Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in the respiratory tract.

To study the effect of a previous porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome-infection (PRRS) of the respiratory tract on influenza virus and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) infections, 3-week-old specific-pathogen-free (spf) piglets were intranasally infected with PRRS virus. One week later, when the lung alveolar macrophages of PRRSV infected pigs were lowest in number, a second infection was applied by intranasal aerosol of influenza virus H3N2 or by endobronchial instillation of a mildly virulent App. The first experiment consisted of two groups (only influenza infection or dual PRRSV/influenza infection).

Comparative morphogenesis of three PRRS virus strains.

The morphogenesis of a Dutch PRRS field strain virus (Lelystad virus) was studied and compared to that of a U.S. field strain VR2332 and its attenuated vaccine strain JJ1882.

Pseudorabies virus infections in pigs. Role of viral proteins in virulence, pathogenesis and transmission.

This paper reviews new findings on the biological functions of pseudorabies virus (PRV) proteins. It focuses on the role of PRV proteins in the pathogenicity, immunogenicity and transmission of PRV vaccine strains in pigs. Furthermore, it evaluates potential risks that are connected with the use of PRV vector strains.

Coronal approach for rehabilitative orbital decompression in Graves' ophthalmopathy.

Aims: To determine the effectiveness and safety of three wall orbital decompression by the coronal approach in Graves' ophthalmopathy.

Methods: The records of 125 patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy, who had undergone three wall orbital decompression by coronal approach between April 1984 and October 1993, were studied retrospectively. Special attention was paid to proptosis reduction, changes in ocular motility, and complications.

Automation of selective assays for on-line bioprocess monitoring by flow-injection analysis.

On-line analysis of one component in a complex media used for bioprocesses requires the application of selective tests such as enzymes assays. Because these assays are susceptible to interference by other medium components and have a limited detection range, automatic sample pretreatment is a prerequisite. The progress made with automatic sample pretreatment in flow-injection analysis makes this technique particularly suitable for on-line monitoring of bioprocesses.

Glycoprotein D-negative pseudorabies virus can spread transneuronally via direct neuron-to-neuron transmission in its natural host, the pig, but not after additional inactivation of gE or gI.

Envelope glycoprotein D (gD) is essential for entry of pseudorabies virus (PRV) into cells but is not required for the subsequent steps in virus replication. Phenotypically complemented gD mutants can infect cells and can spread, both in vitro and in mice, by direct cell-to-cell transmission. Progeny virions released by infected cells are noninfectious because they lack gD.

On-line control of an immobilized hybridoma culture with multi-channel flow injection analysis.

An immobilized hybridoma cell line was cultivated at controlled glucose and glutamine concentrations. On-line analysis of the substrates was carried out with a multi-channel flow injection analysis system. The analysis system also determined on-line the lactate and ammonium concentration.

Experimental quantification of transmission of genetically engineered pseudorabies virus.

There is concern that live pseudorabies virus (PRV) vaccine or PRV vector vaccine strains may spread from vaccinated to unvaccinated pigs. Moreover, it is feared that recombining PRV vaccine strains with related vaccine or wild-type strains may lead to spread and survival of recombinant PRV. To learn more about to what extent different PRV vaccine strains could spread we used a previously described experimental model to study the transmission of intranasally inoculated PRV mutant strains under experimental conditions.

Nucleocapsid protein N of Lelystad virus: expression by recombinant baculovirus, immunological properties, and suitability for detection of serum antibodies.

The ORF7 gene, encoding the nucleocapsid protein N of Lelystad virus (LV), was inserted downstream of the P10 promoter into Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (baculovirus). The resulting recombinant baculovirus, designated bac-ORF7, expressed a 15-kDa protein in insect cells. This protein was similar in size to the N protein expressed by LV in CL2621 cells when it was analyzed on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels.

Sublethal sensitivity index as an ecotoxicity parameter measuring energy allocation under toxicant stress: application to cadmium in soil arthropods.

Toxic substances may affect the life history of a species in a variety of ways. Different species maintain different priorities in coping with the physiological consequences of toxicant-induced stress. This is expressed by changes in energy allocation to different life-history characteristics which may have great consequences for the response at the population level.