A colour sensor integrated into a microcontroller platform as a reliable tool for measuring pH changes in biochemistry applications.

Colorimetry is a widely used technique for optical detection in point-of-care testing and on-site detection. Although some studies employ a multiplex approach to analyse coloured solutions, many still analyse one sample at a time. We have prepared a simple and affordable colorimetric assay based on a TCS34725 colour sensor (ams-OSRAM) integrated into an M5Stack module and an RGB LED module both inserted into a 3D printed frame.

Are there Risks from Nanocomposite Restoration Grinding for Dentists?

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of short-term inhalational exposure to nanoparticles released during dental composite grinding on oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity markers.

Materials And Methods: Twenty-four healthy volunteers were examined before and after exposure in dental workshop. They spent 76.

A 3D-Printed Do-It-Yourself ELISA Plate Reader as a Biosensor Tested on TNFα Assay.

Simple analytical devices suitable for the analysis of various biochemical and immunechemical markers are highly desirable and can provide laboratory diagnoses outside standard hospitals. This study focuses on constructing an easily reproducible do-it-yourself ELISA plate reader biosensor device, assembled from generally available and inexpensive parts. The colorimetric biosensor was based on standard 96-well microplates, 3D-printed parts, and a smartphone camera as a detector was utilized here as a tool to replace the ELISA method, and its function was illustrated in the assay of TNFα as a model immunochemical marker.

Biosensors and Bioassays for the Medical Detection of Bacillus Anthracis and Diagnosis of Anthrax.

Bacillus anthracis is a causative agent of the highly mortal disease anthrax. This zoonosis is present in nature, but it is also considered one of the most powerful biological warfare agents. A timely diagnosis is necessary for proper therapy and setting of epidemiological countermeasures.

Open Meter Duo: Low-Cost Instrument for Fluorimetric Determination of Cholinesterase Activity.

Environmental screening is essential due to the increased occurrence of harmful substances in the environment. Open Meter Duo (OMD) is an open-source field photo/fluorimeter that uses an RGB diode that imitates a color according to the selected wavelength and uses a UV LED from the security kit diode as an excitation light source. The prepared PCB shield with a 3D-printed aperture was connected to Arduino UNO R4 WiFi.

Urine Test Strip Quantitative Assay with a Smartphone Camera.

Urine test strips for urinalysis are a common diagnostic tool with minimal costs and are used in various situations including homecare and hospitalization. The coloration scaled by the naked eye is simple, but it is suitable for semiquantitative analysis only. In this paper, a colorimetric assay is developed based on a smartphone digital camera and urine test strips.

Elevated glutathione in researchers exposed to engineered nanoparticles due to potential adaptation to oxidative stress.

To find a practical biomonitoring method for researchers exposed to nanoparticles causing oxidative stress. In a continuation of a study in 2016-2018, biological samples (plasma, urine and exhaled breath condensate [EBC]) were collected in 2019-2020 from 43 researchers (13.8 ± 3.

Current trends in digital camera-based bioassays for point-of-care tests.

Point-of-care and bedside tests are analytical devices suitable for a growing role in the current healthcare system and provide the opportunity to achieve an exact diagnosis by an untrained person and in various conditions and sites where it is necessary. Using a digital camera integrated into a well-accessible device like a smartphone brings a new way in which a colorimetric point-of-care diagnostic test can provide unbiased data. This review summarizes basic facts about the colorimetric point-of-care tests, principles of how to use a portable device with a camera in the assay, applications of digital cameras for the current tests, and new devices described in the recent papers.

Pharmacology and toxicology of kratom.

The term kratom is commonly used for both Mitragyna speciosa and herbal products prepared mainly from leaves. Kratom is well known as a drug that can serve as a less toxic and less-addictive pain-relieving substitute for opium, as well as a therapy for hypertension, cough, and diarrhea. Its major alkaloid, mitragynine, also deserves concern.

Affordable Portable Platform for Classic Photometry and Low-Cost Determination of Cholinesterase Activity.

Excessive use of pesticides could potentially harm the environment for a long time. The reason for this is that the banned pesticide is still likely to be used incorrectly. Carbofuran and other banned pesticides that remain in the environment may also have a negative effect on human beings.

Immunosensors for Assay of Toxic Biological Warfare Agents.

An immunosensor for the assay of toxic biological warfare agents is a biosensor suitable for detecting hazardous substances such as aflatoxin, botulinum toxin, ricin, Shiga toxin, and others. The application of immunosensors is used in outdoor assays, point-of-care tests, as a spare method for more expensive devices, and even in the laboratory as a standard analytical method. Some immunosensors, such as automated flow-through analyzers or lateral flow tests, have been successfully commercialized as tools for toxins assay, but the research is ongoing.

Quartz crystal microbalance biosensor for the detection of procalcitonin.

Procalcitonin is a blood protein and precursor of the hormone calcitonin. The procalcitonin level increases due to bacterial infections, sepsis, and other related pathologies. Here, we present a simple biosensor for procalcitonin assay suitable for point-of-care tests as an alternative to the current laboratory methods.

Progress in Biosensors for the Point-of-Care Diagnosis of COVID-19.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly virulent infection that has caused a pandemic since 2019. Early diagnosis of the disease has been recognized as one of the important approaches to minimize the pathological impact and spread of infection. Point-of-care tests proved to be substantial analytical tools, and especially lateral flow immunoassays (lateral flow tests) serve the purpose.

The latest trends in the design of electrochemical biosensors for the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes mellitus.

Results: The overworld health problem, the incurable disease, the global burden on health insurers and society, and above all one of the leading causes of death - all characterize diabetes mellitus, a lifelong chronic disease that affects hundreds of millions of people around the world. The new types of biosensors bring new opportunities in the care of diabetic patients and improve current methods. The practical relevance of the recent findings is expected in medicine in next years.

Diagnoses Based on C-Reactive Protein Point-of-Care Tests.

C-reactive protein (CRP) is an important part of the immune system's reaction to various pathological impulses such as bacterial infections, systemic inflammation, and internal organ failures. An increased CRP level serves to diagnose the mentioned pathological states. Both standard laboratory methods and simple point-of-care devices such as lateral flow tests and immunoturbidimetric assays serve for the instrumental diagnoses based on CRP.

A Butyrylcholinesterase Camera Biosensor Tested for Carbofuran and Paraoxon Assay.

Biosensors containing cholinesterase are analytical devices suitable for the assay of neurotoxic compounds. In the research on biosensors, a new platform has appeared some years ago. It is the digital photography and scoring of coloration (photogrammetry).

Role of Caffeine in the Age-related Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review.

Caffeine, a simple purine alkaloid with the proper chemical name 1,3,7-trimethylpurine- 2,6-dione, is an abundant compound present in coffee, food and drugs. It interacts with various pathways of which antagonism of adenosine receptors is the most significant but the other physiological pathways can be influenced by caffeine as well. Interaction with glutamate and dopamine neurotransmission pathways, competition with other substrates on cytochrome P450, non-competitive inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, blocking of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and competitive inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase can be mentioned.

New Uses of Melatonin as a Drug; A Review.

Melatonin is a simple compound called N-acetyl-5-methoxy tryptamine and is known as a hormone controlling the circadian rhythm. Melatonin is produced by the human body naturally. The production of melatonin increases in the evening, causing a state of sleep at night and wakefulness during the day.

Point-of-care diagnosis of COVID-19 disease based on antigen tests.

Aims: This review is focused on the laboratory diagnoses of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by recognizing the antigen of the causative agent SARS-CoV-2 virus. Various antigen tests are available in this moment and these tests are being further developed in order to reach a better diagnostic value. The issue is reviewed in a complex view.

Novel Trends in Electrochemical Biosensors for Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder affecting mainly the population over 65 years of age. It is becoming a global health and socioeconomic problem, and the current number of patients reaching 30-50 million people will be three times higher over the next thirty years.

Objective: Late diagnosis caused by decades of the asymptomatic phase and invasive and cost-demanding diagnosis are problems that make the whole situation worse.

A Smartphone Camera Colorimetric Assay of Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase Activity.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) can serve as biochemical markers of various pathologies like liver disfunction and poisonings by nerve agents. Ellman's assay is the standard spectrophotometric method to measure cholinesterase activity in clinical laboratories. The authors present a new colorimetric test to assess AChE and BChE activity in biological samples using chromogenic reagents, treated 3D-printed measuring pads and a smartphone camera as a signal detector.

Glycated Hemoglobin and Methods for Its Point of Care Testing.

Glycated hemoglobin (HbA) is a product of the spontaneous reaction between hemoglobin and elevated glucose levels in the blood. It is included among the so-called advanced glycation end products, of which is the most important for the clinical diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, and it can serve as an alternative to glycemia measurement. Compared to the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus by glycemia, the HbA level is less influenced by a short-term problem with diabetes compensation.

COVID-19 molecular level laboratory diagnoses.

Unlabelled: AbstractAIMS: Aims: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused not only global pandemic, but it also pointed at unprepared health care systems and countermeasures were introduced under the pressure of urgent circumstances. This review is focused on discussion and critical evaluation of instrumental tools for COVID-19 diagnosis that were developed in the last months.

Methods: Survey of actual literature and scientific reports was made.

Pharmacological Influencing of The Cholinergic Anti-inflammatory Pathway in Infectious Diseases and Inflammatory Pathologies.

The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway is a part of the parasympathetic nervous system and it can also be entitled as an anti-inflammatory reflex. It consists of terminations of the vagal nerve into blood, acetylcholine released from the terminations, macrophages and other cells having α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR), calcium ions crossing through the receptor and interacting with nuclear factors, and erythrocytes with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) terminating the neurotransmission. Stopping of inflammatory cytokines production is the major task for the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway.