The evolutionary history of chromosomal super-integrons provides an ancestry for multiresistant integrons.

Integrons are genetic elements that acquire and exchange exogenous DNA, known as gene cassettes, by a site-specific recombination mechanism. Characterized gene cassettes consist of a target recombination sequence (attC site) usually associated with a single open reading frame coding for an antibiotic resistance determinant. The affiliation of multiresistant integrons (MRIs), which contain various combinations of antibiotic resistance gene cassettes, with transferable elements underlies the rapid evolution of multidrug resistance among diverse Gram-negative bacteria.

[Metabolic recovery of rat muscle after reparative microsurgery of peripheral nerves as a function of suture technics].

In the rat, a characteristic response to motor denervation is an increased flow of inorganic phosphate across the muscle cell membranes. This reaction is specific for the neurogenic atrophy and is fully reversible on reinnervation. In the present study, the muscle cell permeability to inorganic phosphate has been used as a criterion in assessing the efficiency of four different techinques.

[The surgery of peripheral nerves. New perspectives in treatment by the microsurgical techniques (author's transl)].

The author describes the different techniques of reconstructive surgery of peripheral nerves and the failures that marked these trials until the advent of microsurgical techniques. After stressing the importance of the biology and physiopathology of a traumatized nerve and its stem cells, the author detailes the regeneration stages of the nerve cell when ideal conditions of axonal alignment are established by microtechniques. Considering the different notions of biology and pathology in relation to the time delay between the traumatism and referral to the surgeon, the author insists on the absolute necessity of operating during the period of full regeneration of the nerve cell, i.

[Experimental models of vascular microsurgery on small-calibre arteries].

The authors, after studying the various types of microvascular sutures performed by participants at the Microsurgical Course (Dr Ph. Ploncard) from the Brussel University during a chosen period of over one year, draw several conclusions concerning the results in order to explain the main failures that may be found--aneurysms, stenosis, thrombosis--after surgery. The indications of this type of training are pointed out-extra-intracranial by pass, coronary by pass, flap revascularisation, etc.

[Experimental comparative study of microsurgical nerve sutures. II. Water-proof sutures and suture by simple approximation of the stumps].

After having demonstrated in a previous paper the advantages of an early surgical repair of injured nerves over a delayed suture, the author, following the same methods--electrophysiological and histological controls--comes to the conclusion that the so-called water-proof suture technique compared with a simple bringing up together of both stumps of the nerve, gives by far higher degrees of regeneration.

[Comparative experimental study of microsurgical nerve suture. I. Immediate suture and delayed suture].

Impressed by multiplicity of theories and conceptions concerning nerve surgery and by the difficulty to draw grouded conclusions from the different and contradictory work available from the litterature on the subject, the author makes a revision of the biology of the nerve, to be used as a point of departure for investigation. Based on the fact that protheosynthesis capacity of the nerve cell is known to be at its top value during the first week after the lesion of the nerve, the author endeavours to compare immediate suture with delayed suture. This comparative study is based both on electrophysiological and histological data and show clearly enough the real advantage of trying nerve reconstruction as early as possible, to avoid progression of devitalisation and invasion by fibrosis of both stumps.

Comparative study of circumferential nerve suture using the operating microscope. Electrophysiological and histological control.

The aim of this work is to try to compare the results of different methods of circumferential small nerve suture according to the degree of magnification and type of microsurgical technique. Four techniques were studied in forty Wistar rats. 1.