The relative importance of genetic drift and local adaptation in facilitating speciation remains unclear. This is particularly true for seabirds, which can disperse over large geographic distances, providing opportunities for intermittent gene flow among distant colonies that span the temperature and salinity gradients of the oceans. Here, we delve into the genomic basis of adaptation and speciation of banded penguins, Galápagos (Spheniscus mendiculus), Humboldt (Spheniscus humboldti), Magellanic (Spheniscus magellanicus), and African penguins (Spheniscus demersus), by analyzing 114 genomes from the main 16 breeding colonies.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe increased availability of quality genomic data has greatly improved the scope and resolution of our understanding of the recent evolutionary history of wild species adapted to extreme environments and their susceptibility to anthropogenic impacts. The guanaco (Lama guanicoe), the largest wild ungulate in South America, is a good example. The guanaco is well adapted to a wide range of habitats, including the Sechura Desert, the high Andes Mountains to the north, and the extreme temperatures and conditions of Navarino Island to the south.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Chronic infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is common in people with former or current injection drug use. Among the patients in the opioid substitution treatment (OST) program in Gothenburg, Sweden, more than 50% had been infected with HCV. However, many patients did not have any follow-up for their infection and the linkage to treatment could be improved.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFParaesophageal giant hiatal hernia is a rare condition associated with serious complications if not treated surgically. There are no reports of the minimally invasive abdominal repair of a giant hiatal hernia of the stomach almost entirely occupying the right thoracic cavity. The most common clinical presentation includes pathological gastroesophageal reflux, dysphagia, chest pain, or respiratory symptoms such as chronic cough or dyspnoea.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEmergency total gastrectomy for patients with gastric cancer who are in shock carries a high risk of esophagojejunal anastomosis leakage. No alternatives have been reported to reduce this risk. This study reports two patients with gastric cancer who were in shock and underwent emergency gastrectomy and two-stage esophagojejunal anastomosis with good results.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFT- and B-lymphocytes play an important role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D), a chronic disease caused by the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing cells in the pancreatic islets. Flow cytometry allows their characterization in peripheral blood, letting to investigate changes in cellular subpopulations that can provide insights in T1D pathophysiology. With this purpose, CD4 and CD8 T cells (including naïve, central memory, effector memory and terminally differentiated effector (TEMRA), Th17 and Tregs) and B cells subsets (naïve, unswitched memory, switched memory and transitional B cells) were analysed in peripheral blood of adult T1D patients at disease onset and after ≥2 years using multiparametric flow cytometry.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWe characterized substance use patterns and co-occurring substance use disorders among active cocaine base paste (CBP) users in Santiago, Chile using data from respondent-driven sampling (RDS) in three areas of Metropolitan Santiago. Recruitment began with nine seeds, reaching 398 active CBP users (18% women; mean age 37.7 years), defined as persons consuming CBP at least twice per week in the last three months.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFResearch has increased our understanding of the parental factors associated with the initiation and development of cannabis use disorder in adolescents, but few studies about this have been performed in middle- or low-income countries. First, to examine whether perceived past parental drug use, parental monitoring, and attitude toward adolescent cannabis use are associated with general and problematic cannabis use in Chilean adolescents. Second, to explore whether perceived past parental drug use weakens the associations of protective factors with general and problematic adolescent cannabis use.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFOne potential solution for excessively high-rate functional communication responses (FCR) is to establish stimulus control of the FCR through a multiple schedule. However, several studies have demonstrated difficulty with establishing discriminated responding across multiple schedule components. The primary aim of the current study was to evaluate how participants' skills related to color discrimination may be related to the emergence of discriminated responding in a multiple schedule with colors as the schedule-correlated stimuli.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjective: To investigate whether variations in thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAb) are related to the recurrence or persistence of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) and may therefore be useful as surrogate tumor markers. . We retrospectively studied 98 subjects (83 women, 47 ± 15 years old) from an initial cohort of 1017 patients treated for DTC in five hospitals, with positive TgAb at any time during the follow-up.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIn South America Andes hantavirus (ANDV) is hosted by the rodent (also known as pygmy rice rat). In humans, ANDV causes Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS), with a fatality rate of about 40%. Epidemiologic and molecular evidence has shown that ANDV can be transmitted from person to person.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAlthough prior research has suggested the function of socially reinforced problem behavior can change across time, the stability of the function of automatically reinforced behavior is largely unknown. Further, some authors have suggested automatically reinforced behavior is likely to enter into socially mediated contingencies. The present study compared 2 functional analyses conducted on the same target behavior at least 1 year apart.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe objective of this study was to describe for the first time the emotional responses during the consumption of three types of Spanish dry-cured hams, namely, 'Iberian', 'Serrano' and 'Curado'. Moreover, dynamic sensory techniques such as Temporal Dominance of Emotions and Temporal Dominance of Sensations were applied to identify the dominant emotions and sensory attributes perceived during ham consumption. >50 emotional terms were generated during sample consumption including positive, negative and neutral terms.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: We compare self-reported prevalence of drug use and indicators of data quality from two different response modes (with and without an independent answer sheet for recording responses) in a survey conducted in 2015 among secondary school students.
Methods: Stratified cluster-randomized study conducted among students in grades 8-12 from public, private and subsidized schools in Chile (N=2317 students in 122 classes). Measurements included were: percentage reporting substance use (tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, ecstasy); number of inconsistent responses; number of item nonresponses; percentage of extreme reports of drug use; percentage reporting using the nonexistent drug, relevón; and completion times.
Background: Recently, social movements across the world have demanded reforms to education systems and other institutions. Although such movements have affected large numbers of people across multiple countries, we know little about the impacts they have had on population health. We focus on one example: the massive strikes and collective occupation of secondary schools across Chile, which occurred contemporaneously with a large increase in marijuana use among students in this age group.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPurpose: The purpose of the study is to examine (1) whether family and peer marijuana use are independently related to adolescent marijuana use in Chile, (2) whether family and peer marijuana use are associated with adolescent marijuana dependence in adolescents using marijuana, and (3) whether the adolescent's age moderates the association between family or peer use and adolescent marijuana use and/or dependence.
Method: This study used data from the National Survey on Drug Use in the General Population in Chile (a cross-sectional observational study), which was conducted in 2008 and 2010 in 4413 adolescents aged 12-19. Adolescents answered questions about their past-year marijuana use and dependence (ICD-10 criteria) and the marijuana use of their family and peers.
Many studies have shown that human natural killer T (NKT) cells can promote immunity to pathogens, but their regulatory function is still being investigated. Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells have been shown to be effective in preventing type 1 diabetes in the NOD mouse model. Activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, modulation of B-cell responses, and immune deviation were proposed to be responsible for the suppressive effect of iNKT cells.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIntroduction: The consortium for the study of thyroid cancer (CECaT), including 20 hospitals and one research institute, was recently created in Catalonia (Spain). One of the first initiatives of the group was to perform a descriptive analysis of the characteristics of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC).
Patients And Methods: The cohort included 1,855 patients from 11 hospitals treated over a period of 15 years (1998-2012).
Hepatic glycogenosis (HG) is characterized by excessive glycogen accumulation in hepatocytes and represents a hepatic complication of diabetes that particularly occurs in patients with longstanding poorly controlled type 1 diabetes (T1D). HG has been reported to be a very rare disease, although it is believed to be extremely underdiagnosed because it is not possible to distinguish it from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) unless a liver biopsy is performed. In contrast to HG, NAFLD is characterized by liver fat accumulation and is the more likely diagnosis for patients with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAims: Several studies linked vitamin D deficiency with coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and the presence of early atherosclerosis in asymptomatic Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) patients with no previous history of ischemic heart disease.
Methods: One hundred and forty-five patients with T1D (age 37.
The objective is to examine the association between binge drinking and frequency of alcohol consumption during the last month with self-reported episodes of violence committed by people under the influence of alcohol or other drugs. We carried out a cross-sectional study that uses data from the National Survey on Drug Use on the General Population of Chile of 2010. A sample of 16,000 subjects, from 12 to 64 years of age (mean 35.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjective: To evaluate the presence of early carotid and coronary atherosclerosis in asymptomatic patients with type 1 diabetes with no history of ischemic heart disease.
Research Design And Methods: One hundred and fifty patients with type 1 diabetes (58% males; 38.6 ± 8.
J Appl Behav Anal
November 2014
Behavior that resembles instruction following might sometimes be under stimulus control of extraneous variables. We evaluated the effects of some of these variables (i.e.
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