Systemic absorption of epinephrine compared between the intranasal and intramuscular routes of administration in healthy adults.

Background: Epinephrine 5 mg administered via the intranasal (IN) route was shown to be bioequivalent to epinephrine 0.3 mg administered via the intramuscular (IM) route in our preliminary study.

Objective: To investigate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of IN and IM epinephrine absorption in a larger group of healthy adults (n = 12).

Comparative Fasting Bioavailability of 2 Cilostazol Formulations in Healthy Thai Volunteers: An Open-Label, Single-Dose, Randomized, 2-Way Crossover Study.

Objective: To evaluate the bioequivalence of50 mg cilostazol tablets manufactured locally (Citazol®) and originally (Pletaal®) in healthy Thai volunteers.

Material And Method: An open-label, single dose, randomized, two-period, two-sequence, crossover study in 30 healthy volunteers. Each volunteer received a 50 mg cilostazol tablet of bothformulations with a washoutperiodofat least 14 days.

Plasma concentrations of bupivacaine after spinal anesthesia with single shot femoral nerve block in total knee arthroplasty.

Background: Femoral nerve block is commonly established for postoperative analgesia in total knee arthroplasty but no evidence of plasma bupivacaine level has been reported.

Objective: Determine the plasma concentrations of bupivacaine in patients who had single-injection of femoral nerve block.

Material And Method: A prospective observational study was undertaken with 25 patients scheduled for unilateral total knee arthroplasty under spinal anesthesia and single shot femoral nerve block with 20 mL of 0.

Prevalence and risk factors for chloroquine maculopathy and role of plasma chloroquine and desethylchloroquine concentrations in predicting chloroquine maculopathy.

Aim: To determine the prevalence and to identify the risk factors of chloroquine maculopathy (CM), and to evaluate the association of plasma chloroquine (CQ) and desethylchloroquine (DCQ) levels and CM.

Methods: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients who had taken CQ for at least 6 months and stable CQ dosage for at least 2 months were included. CM was diagnosed by dilated ocular examination and automated visual field.

Association of Nevirapine Levels with Rash or Hepatotoxicity Among HIV-Infected Thai Women.

Background: We performed a nested case-control study of Thai women prescribed nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) to determine if development of rash or hepatotoxicity during the first 24 weeks of treatment is associated with plasma nevirapine concentrations.

Method: From May 2005-January 2007, we enrolled 217 women initiating nevirapine-based ART in Thailand. Cases (n = 54) were women who during the first 24 weeks of treatment with nevirapine developed rash (any grade, n = 42) or hepatotoxicity (≥grade 2, n = 22, [10 had both]).

Activation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in patients with scrub typhus and its role in growth restriction of Orientia tsutsugamushi.

Background: Our earlier genome-wide expression study revealed up-regulation of a tryptophan-catabolizing enzyme, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1), in patients with scrub typhus. This gene has been previously reported to have anti-microbial activity in a variety of infectious diseases; therefore, we aimed to prove whether it is also involved in host defense against Orientia tsutsugamushi (OT) infection.

Methodology/principal Findings: Using LC-MS, we observed an increased ratio of serum L-kynurenine to serum L-tryptophan in patients with scrub typhus, which suggests an active catalytic function of this enzyme upon the illness.

Bioequivalence study of 10 mg ramipril tablets in healthy Thai volunteers.

Objective: To determine the bioequivalence of 10 mg dose of ramipril tablets between the test product (Ramtace 10 mg, Unison Laboratories, Thailand) and the reference product (Tritace 10 mg, Aventis Pharma SPA, Italy).

Material And Method: The present study was carried out with a single dose, 2-treatment, 2-period, 2-sequence randomized crossover design under fasting condition with a minimum of 14 days washout period in 24 healthy Thai male and female volunteers. Plasma samples for determination of ramipril and ramiprilat were obtained pre-dose and at frequent intervals for up to 72 h post dose.

Bioequivalence study of 500 mg glucosamine sulfate in Thai healthy volunteers.

Background And Objective: Glucosamine sulfate is widely used to relieve symptoms from osteoarthritis. The present study was conducted in order to determine pharmacokinetic and assess the in-vivo bioequivalence of two different hard capsule formulations of glucosamine sulfate when administered as equal dose of 500 mg. The two formulations contained different salt form where reference product is NaCl and test product is KCl.

Bioequivalence study of 50 mg sertraline tablets in healthy Thai volunteers.

Objective: To determine the bioavailability of 50 mg sertraline tablets between the test product (Zotaline, M&H Manufacturing Co., Ltd, Thailand) and the reference product (Zoloft, Pfizer Australia Pty Ltd, Australia).

Material And Method: An open-labeled, single dose, 2-treatment, 2-period, 2-sequence, randomized crossover study under fasting conditions with 14 days washout period was conducted in 24 healthy Thai volunteers.

Evaluation of the safety and relative bioavailability of a new dihydroartemisinin tablet formulation in healthy Thai volunteers.

A new dihydroartemisinin (DHA) tablet formulation has been developed by the Thai Government Pharmaceutical Organization (GPO). In this report, its in vitro dissolution and in vivo pharmacokinetics as well as its safety in healthy volunteers were evaluated, using the DHA tablet made by Dafra Pharma NV as a reference. A two-period crossover clinical study design was utilised.

Bioequivalence study of 30 mg pioglitazone tablets in Thai healthy volunteers.

Objective: To compare the bioequivalent parameters of 30 mg pioglitazone tablets manufactured locally (Glista) and originally (Actos).

Material And Method: A randomized, single dose, two-treatment, two-period, two-sequence crossover study was conducted Twenty-four healthy volunteers were recruited at Siriraj Clinical Research Unit. Each subject received a 30 mg pioglitazone tablet of both formulations with at least a week washout period Blood samples were collected over 48 h after the oral administration.