Immunologic and virologic failure after first-line NNRTI-based antiretroviral therapy in Thai HIV-infected children.

Background: There are limited data of immunologic and virologic failure in Asian HIV-infected children using non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We examined the incidence rate of immunologic failure (IF) and virologic failure (VF) and the accuracy of using IF to predict VF in Thai HIV-infected children using first-line NNRTI-based HAART.

Methods: Antiretroviral (ART)-naïve HIV-infected children from 2 prospective cohorts treated with NNRTI-based HAART during 2001-2008 were included.

Therapeutic drug monitoring of lopinavir in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children receiving adult tablets.

Because of the lack of a lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) pediatric formulation, 54 HIV-infected children were given generic LPV/r adult tablets. Of 54 children, 21 took cut pills to get the appropriate dose. The median (interquartile range) LPV trough serum concentration (C trough) was 6.

Pharmacokinetics and 48 week efficacy of low-dose lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected children.

Background: Lopinavir/ritonavir is a common protease inhibitor (PI) used for second-line regimens in children. Several studies have shown higher plasma concentrations of antiretroviral agents in Thai adults than in Caucasians, suggesting that lower doses may be used.

Methods: An open label study in 24 HIV-infected children between the age of 2 and 18 years, naive to PIs, randomized to receive either the WHO-recommended dose of lopinavir/ritonavir or a low dose (70% of the standard dose) twice daily in combination with zidovudine and lamivudine.

Antiretroviral treatment outcome following genotyping in Thai children who failed dual nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

Objective: To evaluate outcomes in dual nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) pretreated children after genotyping (GT).

Methods: We assessed CD4 and viral load (VL) in children three years after baseline GT at the time of dual NRTI failure. Baseline high grade resistance (HR) was defined as >or=4 nucleoside analogue mutations (NAMs)+/-Q151M or 69 insertion complex, and low grade resistance (LR) was defined as <4 NAMs.

Pattern and predictors of immunologic recovery in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children receiving non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Background: Non-nucleoside reverse transcription inhibitor (NNRTI)-based highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is the recommended first-line regimen for children in Thailand. This study was aimed to assess pattern and predictors of immune recovery in antiretroviral-naive Thai children starting NNRTI-based HAART.

Methods: Records were extracted from clinical databases of 2 treatment cohorts in Thailand.

Safety and efficacy of a double-boosted protease inhibitor combination, saquinavir and lopinavir/ritonavir, in pretreated children at 96 weeks.

Background: This study aimed to assess the long-term efficacy, safety and use of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of a double-boosted protease inhibitor (PI) combination, saquinavir (SQV) and lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r), in Thai HIV type-1 (HIV-1)-infected children who had failed on reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

Methods: In total, 50 children from two sites in Thailand were treated with standard dosing of SQV and LPV/r. CD4(+) T-cell count and percentage, viral load (VL; HIV-1 RNA), minimum plasma drug concentrations (C(min)) and drug safety laboratory evaluations were monitored.

Double boosted protease inhibitors, saquinavir, and lopinavir/ritonavir, in nucleoside pretreated children at 48 weeks.

Objectives: To assess the 48-week efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics, and resistance of double boosted protease inhibitors (PI), saquinavir (SQV), and lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r), in children who have failed nucleoside reverse transcription inhibitors /non-nucleoside reverse transcription inhibitors-based regimens.

Methods: Fifty children at 2 sites in Thailand were treated with standard dosing of SQV and LPV/r. CD4, HIV-RNA viral load (VL), plasma drug concentrations and safety laboratory evaluations were monitored.