Reviewing explore/exploit decision-making as a transdiagnostic target for psychosis, depression, and anxiety.

In many everyday decisions, individuals choose between trialling something novel or something they know well. Deciding when to try a new option or stick with an option that is already known to you, known as the "explore/exploit" dilemma, is an important feature of cognition that characterises a range of decision-making contexts encountered by humans. Recent evidence has suggested preferences in explore/exploit biases are associated with psychopathology, although this has typically been examined within individual disorders.

Visualizing the atomic-scale origin of metallic behavior in Kondo insulators.

A Kondo lattice is often electrically insulating at low temperatures. However, several recent experiments have detected signatures of bulk metallicity within this Kondo insulating phase. In this study, we visualized the real-space charge landscape within a Kondo lattice with atomic resolution using a scanning tunneling microscope.

Topological Phononic Logic.

Topological metamaterials have robust properties engineered from their macroscopic arrangement, rather than their microscopic constituency. They can be designed by starting from Dirac metamaterials with either symmetry-enforced or accidental degeneracy. The latter case provides greater flexibility in the design of topological switches, waveguides, and cloaking devices, because a large number of tuning parameters can be used to break the degeneracy and induce a topological phase.

Heart failure in two West Highland white terriers caused by congenital angiomatous cardiac anomaly.

The paper describes the clinical and pathological characteristics of an unusual cystic congenital cardiac anomaly that caused clinical signs of congestive heart failure, respiratory distress and cardiac arrhythmias in two West Highland white terrier puppies. In both dogs a definitive diagnosis was made postmortem.

Associative encoding of pictures activates the medial temporal lobes.

It remains unresolved whether the medial temporal lobe activations found in recent neuroimaging studies are mediated by novelty detection alone, by specific kinds of encoding or consolidation operations, or both. This study attempted to see whether associative encoding or consolidation is sufficient to cause such activation by matching for novelty across conditions. Using single-photon emission computer tomography (SPECT) (with TC99mHMPAO), we compared the activation patterns produced by the associative encoding and the perceptual matching of novel complex scenes in 10 normal subjects using both statistical parametric mapping (SPM) and a regions-of-interest (ROI) approach.

Globule leukocytes and bovine parasitic bronchitis.

Globule leucocytes (GL) occur in the respiratory tract of cattle from foetuses to adult animals. Large numbers of this cell have been found in the lungs of cows both in normal lung and in the lungs of cows from various outbreaks of respiratory diseases, but the significance was not known. In the rat and in cattle, the occurrence of GL in the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts has been associated with parasitic infections.

An outbreak of strangles in young ponies.

A natural outbreak of strangles occurred in a group of 19 young experimental ponies. The disease was diagnosed in 11 of them within two days of their arrival at Glasgow University veterinary school and five others developed clinical signs within a further four days, a morbidity rate of 84 per cent. All of the affected ponies had typical signs of strangles including dullness, anorexia, pyrexia, regional lymphadenitis, occasionally with rupture of the lymph node, conjunctivitis and a mucopurulent nasal discharge.

A spongiform encephalopathy in a cat.

A cat which developed a change of temperament, with muscle tremors, ataxia and pupillary dilatation was suspected and later confirmed histopathologically to have a spongiform encephalopathy. The case is of special interest in view of the widespread concern about spongiform encephalopathies as a result of the recent epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy.

Confirmation by Doppler echocardiography of valvular regurgitation in a horse with a ruptured chorda tendinea of the mitral valve.

Regurgitation of blood through the left atrioventricular valve owing to the rupture of one of the chordae tendineae of the valve was diagnosed in a horse with sudden-onset respiratory distress and a holosystolic cardiac murmur. Severe regurgitation was confirmed with Doppler echocardiography and prolapse of part of the valve leaflet was identified with B-mode ultrasonography. The rupture of one of the chordae tendineae of a right accessory cusp of the left atrioventricular valve was confirmed post mortem.

An ultrastructural study of the equine lower respiratory tract.

The surface features of the lower respiratory tract of 20 clinically normal horses of different ages and types were studied with scanning electron microscopy. Parallel light microscopical and transmission electron microscopical studies were also carried out. The ciliary carpet was virtually complete from the trachea to the lobar bronchi.

A scanning electron microscopic study of the equine upper respiratory tract.

The surface features of the upper respiratory tract of 20 clinically normal horses of various ages and types were studied with scanning electron microscopy. In the rostral part of the nasal cavity, there was a wide zone of non-ciliated epithelium whereas, caudally, the surface was well ciliated. This latter type of epithelium extended into the nasopharynx and guttural pouches although scattered areas of non-ciliated microvillous cells were also found.

Morphological, histochemical and ultrastructural features of the globule leukocyte of the bovine respiratory tract.

The histochemical and ultrastructural features of the globular leukocyte of the bovine respiratory tract is described and found to be similar to those localized in the abomasum and bile ducts of cattle. Histochemical analysis of these cells demonstrated low amounts of carboxylated mucin mixed with neutral mucin and large amounts of basic protein. Two types of globules were seen in the leucocytes; one with a homegeneous electron dense material and another with vesiculated, crastalloid containing bodies.

The globule leucocyte: morphology, origin, function and fate, a review.

A review of the literature concerning the origin, function and fate of the globular leukocyte is presented. The possible relationship of this cell to other cells such as erythrocytes, mast cells and lymphocytes in general is discussed with an aim toward delineating the probable functions of the cell. Although the globular leukocyte has been described in many species and in a variety of organs, its origin, fate and function remain to be clearly elucidated.

Control of parasitic bronchitis and gastroenteritis in grazing cattle by strategic prophylaxis with ivermectin.

In May 1985 four groups of 10 calves, aged between four and five months, were turned out on to separate, permanent pastures of equal area which had been seeded during the previous few days with larvae of Dictyocaulus viviparus. One group acted as a control, the second was vaccinated with lungworm vaccine before turnout and treated with thiabendazole three, eight and 13 weeks after turnout, while the third and fourth groups were given ivermectin three times (three, eight and 13 weeks after turnout) and twice (three and eight weeks after turnout), respectively. A severe outbreak of parasitic bronchitis resulted in the death of three control calves within five weeks of turnout and parasitic bronchitis and gastroenteritis affected the second group of calves after approximately four months at pasture.

Scanning electron microscopic study of the lower respiratory tract in calves and adult cattle.

The surface characteristics of the lower respiratory tract of two groups of cattle were studied with the scanning electron microscope. Group A comprised six one-week-old calves and group B four adult cows. None of the animals had overt respiratory disease or gross morphological evidence of pulmonary lesions.

Experimental production of diffuse pulmonary fibrosis and alveolitis in cattle: the effects of repeated dosage with 3, methyl indole.

Eleven Friesian steers were given 3, methyl indole (3MI) orally at dose rates ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 g/kg.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease anatomical cardiac studies.

An abattoir survey on horses diagnosed as suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on clinical grounds showed that the right ventricular wall thickness was not significantly different from that of normal horses. However, the weight ratio between the left and right ventricles was found to be significantly (P less than 0.001) different in COPD affected, compared with control, horses in a study of 17 physiologically and pathologically confirmed COPD cases, using ventricular weight measurements.

Acute fatal pneumonia in calves due to respiratory syncytial virus.

An acute pneumonia developed in 28 calves which had been housed together from one to two weeks of age. The clinical signs included pyrexia, tachypnoea, respiratory distress and coughing. Some of the calves died.