HIV associated neurocognitive disorder screening and diagnosis pathways in Australia: a scoping review and international implications.

Symptomatic HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is a complication of HIV (cognitive impairment, difficulties with everyday functioning). If detected early, interventions assist with optimizing care, avoiding rapid decline and enhancing coping. There remains inconsistency surrounding screening/diagnosis information within Australian healthcare professionals and community settings.

Empathy Measurement in Autistic and Nonautistic Adults: A COSMIN Systematic Literature Review.

Empathy is essential for social functioning and is relevant to a host of clinical conditions. This COSMIN review evaluated the empirical support for empathy self-report measures used with autistic and nonautistic adults. Given autism is characterized by social differences, it is the subject of a substantial proportion of empathy research.

Composition analysis of carotenoids and phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity from hibiscus calyces (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS.

Introduction: The hibiscus flower has received increasing interest because it contains high levels of bioactive compounds with remarkable functional properties. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time a detailed description of the carotenoid composition of hibiscus calyces is reported.

Objectives: Identification and quantification of carotenoids, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity from hibiscus calyces.

The Development of a Motor-Free Short-Form of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition.

. This study aimed to develop a motor-free short-form of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition (WISC-V) that allows clinicians to estimate the Full Scale Intelligence Quotients of youths with motor impairments. .

A randomised controlled trial of a web-based multi-modal therapy program to improve executive functioning in children and adolescents with acquired brain injury.

Objective: To examine the efficacy of a multi-modal web-based therapy program, Move it to improve it (Mitii™) delivered at home to improve Executive Functioning (EF) in children with an acquired brain injury (ABI).

Design: Randomised Waitlist controlled trial.

Setting: Home environment.

Discrepancy analysis and Australian norms for the Trail Making Test.

Objective: Discrepancy analyses refer to comparison methods that evaluate the relationship or differences between two measures in the same individual. A common type of discrepancy analysis involves the comparison of two trials within a measure, such as, Trails A and B of the Trail Making Test (TMT). The TMT is well-suited to this role as the two measures are highly correlated, assess similar underlying constructs, and most importantly demonstrate differential vulnerability to the impact of pathology.

Effectiveness of Washing Procedures in Reducing and on a Raw Leafy Green Vegetable ().

Vegetables are an important source of nutrients, but they can host a large microbial population, particularly bacteria. Foodborne pathogens can contaminate raw vegetables at any stage of their production process with a potential for human infection. Appropriate washing can mitigate the risk of foodborne illness consequent to vegetable consumption by reducing pathogen levels, but few data are available to assess the efficacy of different practices.

How Small Is Big: Sample Size and Skewness.

Sample sizes of 50 have been cited as sufficient to obtain stable means and standard deviations in normative test data. The influence of skewness on this minimum number, however, has not been evaluated. Normative test data with varying levels of skewness were compiled for 12 measures from 7 tests collected as part of ongoing normative studies in Brisbane, Australia.

Efficacy of domestic cooking inactivation of human hepatitis A virus in experimentally infected manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum).

Aim: The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of domestic cooking in inactivating Manila clams experimentally infected with human hepatitis A virus (HAV).

Methods And Results: Electronic temperature probes were positioned to measure the internal temperature of Manila clams during domestic cooking. Two batches were infected with 10(7) and 10(5) TCID50  ml(-1) of HAV.

Adult Verbal Abstract Reasoning Assessment Instruments and their Clinimetric Properties.

Objective: This systematic review aims to identify, examine, and compare tests used to measure and assess verbal abstract reasoning (VAR).

Method: Seven tests were identified through a systematic search of electronic databases, neuropsychological textbooks, and online catalogs. Clinical utility, normative data, and psychometric properties (internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity) of current test versions were evaluated using recent studies.

Food safety concerns deriving from the use of silver based food packaging materials.

The formulation of innovative packaging solutions, exerting a functional antimicrobial role in slowing down food spoilage, is expected to have a significant impact on the food industry, allowing both the maintenance of food safety criteria for longer periods and the reduction of food waste. Different materials are considered able to exert the required antimicrobial activity, among which are materials containing silver. However, challenges exist in the application of silver to food contact materials due to knowledge gaps in the production of ingredients, stability of delivery systems in food matrices and health risks caused by the same properties which also offer the benefits.

Mitii™ ABI: study protocol of a randomised controlled trial of a web-based multi-modal training program for children and adolescents with an Acquired Brain Injury (ABI).

Background: Acquired brain injury (ABI) refers to multiple disabilities arising from damage to the brain acquired after birth. Children with an ABI may experience physical, cognitive, social and emotional-behavioural impairments which can impact their ability to participate in activities of daily living (ADL). Recent developments in technology have led to the emergence of internet-delivered therapy programs.

Stability of executive functioning measures in 8-17-year-old children with unilateral cerebral palsy.

The study investigated the stability of executive functioning (EF) measures in children and adolescents aged 8-17 years with unilateral cerebral palsy (CP). Here 44 participants with unilateral CP (mean age = 11 years, 11 months; Manual Abilities Classification Scale Level I = 6 and Level II = 37; Gross Motor Function Classification Scale Level I = 22 and Level II = 22) were randomized into the wait-list control group of a large randomized controlled trial. Participants had baseline testing with Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Fourth Edition Short Form (WISC-IV-SF) and Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) subtests.

Epileptic features of patients with unilateral and bilateral schizencephaly.

The extent of cortical maldevelopment might correlate with the severity of the clinical manifestation, such as cognitive delay or motor dysfunction. The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical features of epilepsy in patients with unilateral and bilateral schizencephaly. We studied 44 consecutive patients with schizencephaly diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

[Clinical and videofluoroscopic evaluation of swallowing in patients with spastic tetraparetic cerebral palsy and athetosic cerebral palsy].

Aim: To evaluate and to compare the findings of oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing in children with both spastic tetraparetic cerebral palsy (STCP) and with athetosic cerebral palsy (ACP).

Patients And Methods: 11 children were evaluated, with their ages ranging from 10 months to 8 years old, through both clinical assessment and videofluoroscopic evaluation.

Results: The children with STCP were more involved at the neurologic, clinical and speech-language and hearing aspects.

Intrapartum complications associated with malformations of cortical development.

Birth asphyxia can be an early sign of cerebral palsy, the effect of an antenatal anomaly rather than its cause. The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of intrapartum complications in patients with malformation of cortical development. The data were retrospectively assessed and compared with a control group of children with idiopathic epilepsy.

[Neuropsychomotor development of infants born of mothers with gestational hypertension].

Introduction: Gestational hypertension is a major cause of maternal death in our country and may be associated with neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy with serious neurological complications.

Objective: To correlate gestational hypertension with risk factors of neuropsychomotor development in infants.

Method: This was a prospective study.

[Comparative study of muscular tonus in spastic tetraparetic cerebral palsy in children with predominantly cortical and subcortical lesions in computerized tomography of the skull].

Objective: To compare distribution and intensity of muscular tonus in spastic tetraparetic cerebral palsy (CP), correlating the clinical data with lesion location in the central nervous system.

Method: Twelve children aged two to four years old with predominantly cortical lesions (six children) and subcortical lesions (six children) were included. The tonus was analyzed in the upper (UULL) and lower limbs (LLLL) based on Durigon and Piemonte protocol.

Developmental language disorder associated with polymicrogyria.

Background: Subtle disorders of neuronal migration occur in the brains of some dyslexic patients who presented developmental language disorder (DLD) during early childhood.

Objective: To investigate a possible neuroanatomical substrate based on neuroimaging evaluation in children with DLD.

Methods: The authors obtained psychological assessment, language evaluation, neurologic examination, and neuroimaging investigation.

Hemiparetic cerebral palsy: etiological risk factors and neuroimaging.

The purpose of this paper, which was conducted on 175 children with hemiparetic cerebral palsy (H-CP), was to verify the etiological risk period for this disease. Etiological risk factors (ERF) were detected through anamnesis: 23% in the prenatal period, 18% in the perinatal period and 59% of the patients the period was undefined (ERF in the prenatal and perinatal period was 41% and no ERF was 18% of the cases. The computerized tomographic scan (CT) and MRI were performed on all the patients, who were then classified according to their etiopathogenic data: CT1= normal (18%); CT 2= unilateral ventricular enlargement (25%); CT 3= cortical/ subcortical cavities (28%); CT4= hemispheric atrophy and other findings (14%); CT 5= malformations (15%).

[Cerebrovascular disease in children: II. Clinical aspects in 42 cases].

We report the findings recorded in 42 children suffering cerebrovascular disease and assisted at the Hospital das Clínicas FCM-UNICAMP, over a 8 years period (January 1990 until April 1998). The ischemic type was the most common, and involvement of the middle cerebral artery, sudden onset of clinical manifestation with seizures and motor disability were more common in early aged children. Motor sequelae predominated in the follow-up of these children.

[Discitis in children. Study of 8 cases].

The authors report the study of eight children with discitis diagnosed through clinical, neurological and orthopedic evaluation. The evidence of self limiting inflammation or infection of the intervertebral disk space and of soft tissue were available by image studies. Findings with routine roentgenograms, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are discussed.

[Congenital hemiparesis: complementary neuropsychological evaluation with computer].

We present the neuropsychological assessment with computer aid of six cerebral palsy children. Three children had right hemiparesis and three, left hemiparesis. The tomographic examination showed parietal cavities (porencephalic cyst in 4 children, ischemic injury in 1 case and subarachnoid cyst in 1 case).

[Evaluation of the static equilibrium in a population of hearing impaired children].

A random sample was organized with 42 children with congenital sensorineural auditory deficit (severe and bilateral) from special education schools in Campinas. Chronological ages ranged from 4 to 7 years of age. This sample was compared with two control groups of 42 children of the same chronological age but attending normal classes.