Winter Bird Assemblages in Rural and Urban Environments: A National Survey.

Urban development has a marked effect on the ecological and behavioural traits of many living organisms, including birds. In this paper, we analysed differences in the numbers of wintering birds between rural and urban areas in Poland. We also analysed species richness and abundance in relation to longitude, latitude, human population size, and landscape structure.

Urban and rural habitats differ in number and type of bird feeders and in bird species consuming supplementary food.

Bird feeding is one of the most widespread direct interactions between man and nature, and this has important social and environmental consequences. However, this activity can differ between rural and urban habitats, due to inter alia habitat structure, human behaviour and the composition of wintering bird communities. We counted birds in 156 squares (0.

[Effect of mydriasis and accommodation on intraocular pressure and pigment release in patients with the pigment dispersion syndrome].

Purpose: To determine if mydriasis and accommodation affect intraocular pressure (IOP) and pigment release in patients with the pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS).

Material And Methods: Seventeen patients (34 eyes) diagnosed with PDS were included in the study (10 men and 7 women). Tonometry was performed on all patients before, and at 1 and 2 hours after mydriasis and before, and at 1 and 2 hours after sustained reading.

[Application of frequency doubling technology perimetry in the diagnosis of glaucoma].

Purpose: Evaluation of the frequency doubling technology perimetry in the detection of an early glaucomatous field loss.

Material And Methods: Twenty-two patients (40 eyes), who were diagnosed with ocular hypertension were enrolled in the study. The diagnosis was made based on slit lamp examination, 3 measurements of intraocular pressure (IOP) over 21 mmHg.