The efficiency of mycotoxin binding by sorbents in the model using a naturally contaminated animal feed.

Introduction: The productivity of domestic animals and the safety of food products derived from them are jeopardised by mycotoxins in animal feed. To control them, feed additives are used, which limit the absorption of mycotoxins in the gastrointestinal tract of animals by binding to them. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a new model in experiments on the binding of mycotoxins from buffers and contaminated feed and to confirm the effect of a single sorbent or mixture in binding them.

Essential and non-essential element concentrations in human milk samples and the assessment of infants' exposure.

As the data concerning element concentrations in human milk (HM) samples and their intake by infants are lacking in Poland, the present study aimed to explore this issue. The material consisted of HM samples obtained from 30 exclusively breastfeeding mothers during 4-6 weeks postpartum. Additionally, to identify the factors that may potentially affect HM composition, information regarding maternal data (anthropometry, body composition, and diet) was also collected.

Liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry methods for determination of stanozolol and l6β-hydroxy-stanozolol in animal urine.

Introduction: Because of the activities and effects they induce, hormones are prohibited for use for anabolic purposes in farm animals intended for slaughter, which is regulated in the European Union by relevant legal provisions. Therefore, there is an obligation to monitor residues of hormones in animals and food of animal origin to ensure consumer safety. A hormone banned but used formerly for fattening cattle, stanozolol, and its metabolite 16β-OH-stanozolol are synthetic compounds that belong to a large group of steroid hormones.

Inter-laboratory validation of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry multi-mycotoxin determination in animal feed - method transfer from the reference laboratory to regional laboratories.

Introduction: The results are presented of the inter-laboratory validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of eight mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2, ochratoxin A, toxin T-2, toxin HT-2 and zearalenone) in animal feeds.

Material And Methods: This study was an essential part of the method's transfer from the National Reference Laboratory to six regional laboratories in Poland working in the official survey of mycotoxins in feed. The laboratories received a batch of standard solutions, blank samples and quality control materials on which to perform analysis with one procedure and different liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry conditions.

Survey of the enniatins and beauvericin in raw and UHT cow's milk in Poland.

Introduction: The enniatins A, A1, B and B1 (ENNs) and beauvericin (BEA) are structurally related compounds produced by species. They occur as contaminants in cereals, such as wheat, barley and maize. They are called "emerging mycotoxins", because they have been reported in feed and food and their toxic effects are not fully known.

Residues of an anthelmintic veterinary drug (closantel) detected in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Scotland.

The contamination of the environment by some veterinary medicines and their impact on wild animals is of increasing concern. However, there is a lack of information about their residues in wildlife. The sentinel animals most commonly used for monitoring the level of environmental contamination are birds of prey, and information on other carnivores and scavengers scarce.

Lead, cadmium, and other trace elements in the liver of golden eagles and white-tailed eagles: recent data from Poland and a systematic review of previous studies.

The golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) and the white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), being apex predators and facultative scavengers, can bioaccumulate different environmental contaminants, including toxic elements that may adversely affect their health. We analyzed the levels of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and other metals and metalloids, including arsenic (As), barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), selenium (Se), thorium (Th), thallium (Tl), uranium (U), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) in liver samples taken from three golden eagles and 36 white-tailed eagles that were found dead across Poland to verify their exposure. We also used a systematic review to summarize the available literature data on Cd, Pb, and other studied elements in the liver of both eagle species.

Does Deoxynivalenol Affect Amoxicillin and Doxycycline Absorption in the Gastrointestinal Tract? Ex Vivo Study on Swine Jejunum Mucosa Explants.

The presence of deoxynivalenol (DON) in feed may increase intestinal barrier permeability. Disturbance of the intestinal barrier integrity may affect the absorption of antibiotics used in animals. Since the bioavailability of orally administered antibiotics significantly affects their efficacy and safety, it was decided to evaluate how DON influences the absorption of the most commonly used antibiotics in pigs, i.

An Interlaboratory Comparison Study of Regulated and Emerging Mycotoxins Using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry: Challenges and Future Directions of Routine Multi-Mycotoxin Analysis including Emerging Mycotoxins.

The present interlaboratory comparison study involved nine laboratories located throughout the world that tested for 24 regulated and non-regulated mycotoxins by applying their in-house LC-MS/MS multi-toxin method to 10 individual lots of 4 matrix commodities, including complex chicken and swine feed, soy and corn gluten. In total, more than 6000 data points were collected and analyzed statistically by calculating a consensus value in combination with a target standard deviation following a modified Horwitz equation. The performance of each participant was evaluated by a z-score assessment with a satisfying range of ±2, leading to an overall success rate of 70% for all tested compounds.

Biomarkers of Deoxynivalenol, Citrinin, Ochratoxin A and Zearalenone in Pigs after Exposure to Naturally Contaminated Feed Close to Guidance Values.

This study applied multi-mycotoxin liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection (LC-MS/MS) methods to determine the biomarkers of exposure in urine and serum samples from a dose-response study with pigs. The 24 studied pigs were divided into three groups: a control and two experimental ones (with different levels of feed contamination). They were exposed to feed prepared from cereals contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CIT) for 14 days.

LC-MS/MS Determination of 21 Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Residues in Animal Milk and Muscles.

The presented procedure combines experience from two LC-MS/MS methods previously developed by our team for NSAIDs determination in meat and milk. The novelty was a modification of sample preparation and combining LC-MS/MS method for milk and muscle. The clean-up procedure was investigated, leading to a change from SPE to dSPE with C18 bulk sorbent.

Mycotoxin Biomarkers in Pigs-Current State of Knowledge and Analytics.

Farm animals are frequently exposed to mycotoxins, which have many adverse effects on their health and become a significant food safety issue. Pigs are highly exposed and particularly susceptible to mycotoxins, which can cause many adverse effects. For the above reasons, an appropriate diagnostic tool is needed to monitor pig' exposure to mycotoxins.

Risk of residues of toltrazuril sulfone in eggs after oral administration - Could setting maximum residue limit be helpful?

A depletion study of toltrazuril and its metabolites was performed using 20 hens medicated via drinking water for two days in a dosage of 7 mg kg per kg body weight. Afterward, eggs were collected for 42 days. Residues were analyzed in whole eggs and yolk and whites.

Development of a Multimatrix UHPLC-MS/MS Method for the Determination of Paracetamol and Its Metabolites in Animal Tissues.

Paracetamol/acetaminophen (APAP) is one of the most popular pharmacologically active substances used as an analgesic and antipyretic agent. The metabolism of this drug occurs in the liver and leads to the formation of two main metabolites-glucuronic acid and sulfate derivate. Despite the wide use of paracetamol in veterinary medicine, a handful of analytical methods were published for the determination of paracetamol residues in animal tissues.

Development of a multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS method for the determination of biomarkers in pig urine.

An LC-MS/MS method has been developed for the sensitive and selective determination of 35 mycotoxins (biomarkers of exposure) in pig urine samples. Sample preparation includes creatinine adjustment (with the developed LC-UV method) with enzymatic hydrolysis of pig urine samples followed by liquid-liquid (LLE) extraction. The LLE protocol, as well as enzymatic hydrolysis for indirect mycotoxin glucuronides determination, was optimized in this study.

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A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for simultaneous determination of deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3Ac-DON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15Ac-DON), DON-3-glucoside (DON-3Glc) nivalenol and fusarenone-X in feedstuffs. Different techniques of sample preparation were tested: solid-liquid-extraction, QuEChERS, solid phase extraction with OASIS HLB columns or immunoaffinity columns and a Mycosep 225 Trich column. None of the six immunoaffinity columns tested showed cross-reactivity to all of the mycotoxins.

Dilute-and-Shoot HPLC-UV Method for Determination of Urinary Creatinine as a Normalization Tool in Mycotoxin Biomonitoring in Pigs.

A simple, rapid, and accurate HPLC-UV method was developed for the determination of creatinine in pig urine. Usually, it is determined in urine in biomonitoring of xenobiotics to correct for variations in dilutions of urine samples. The colorimetric method (based on Jaffe reaction), which was mainly used for this purpose in mycotoxin biomonitoring, is not a reliable approach for pig urine.

Could mycotoxigenic Fusarium sp. play a role in ulcerative dermal necrosis (UDN) of brown trout (Salmo trutta morpha trutta)?

Fusarium infections have been reported in aquatic animals, but are still poorly investigated in wild salmonids. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of the fungi and their toxins on the health status of brown trout (Salmo trutta morpha trutta) migrating from the Baltic Sea to the freshwater. Individuals from the wild brown trout population exhibiting ulcerative skin lesions were collected from the Słupia River in Poland and subjected to microbiological, histopathological, and hematological examinations, as well as toxicological analysis for a presence of mycotoxins.

Effect of Pterostilbene, a Natural Analog of Resveratrol, on the Activity of some Antiepileptic Drugs in the Acute Seizure Tests in Mice.

Pterostilbene (PTE), a natural analog of resveratrol, is available both as a diet ingredient and a dietary supplement. The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of PTE on the activity of antiepileptic drugs in the acute seizure tests in mice, i.e.

Multiple mycotoxins analysis in animal feed with LC-MS/MS: Comparison of extract dilution and immunoaffinity clean-up.

The aim of this study was a performance comparison of two clean-up procedures (dilutions versus immunoaffinity columns) in the simultaneous determination of eight mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1 & B2, ochratoxin A, toxin T-2 & HT-2 and zearalenone) in the animal feed. After extraction the analytes were separated on a Kinetex Biphenyl column with a gradient elution using methanol/0.01 M ammonium acetate as a mobile phase and analyzed with the LC-MS/MS technique.

Occurrence of Ochratoxin a in Animal Tissues and Feeds in Poland in 2014-2016.

Introduction: Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxic metabolite mainly produced by spp. and spp. fungi.

Comparison of Albendazole Cytotoxicity in Terms of Metabolite Formation in Four Model Systems.

Introduction: Albendazole is used to treat endoparasitic diseases in animals and humans. After oral administration, it is quickly oxidised into its pharmacologically active metabolite albendazole sulfoxide and then to sulfone. However, it is not clear which compound is responsible for toxic effects towards mammalian cells.

Simultaneous Determination of Ten Illegal Azo Dyes in Feed by Ultra-high Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Introduction: The paper presents the method of simultaneous determination of 10 illegal azo dyes in feed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry technique.

Material And Methods: The dyes were extracted with hexane, evaporated to dryness, and analysed. Separation was achieved in 7 min in a gradient elution using acetonitrile (A) and 0.

Identification of metabolites of anticancer candidate salinomycin using liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight and hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry.

Rationale: Salinomycin is an ionophore antibiotic with potential anticancer activity. The history of its use in veterinary medicine shows large differences in species susceptibility to its toxicity. At the same time, the results of research to date suggest a correlation between the extent and pathways of ionophore biotransformation and its toxicity.