The role of Micro-CT in imaging breast cancer specimens.

Purpose: The goal of breast cancer surgery is to remove all of the cancer with a minimum of normal tissue, but absence of full 3-dimensional information on the specimen makes this difficult to achieve.

Method: Micro-CT is a high resolution, X-ray, 3D imaging method, widely used in industry but rarely in medicine.

Results: We imaged and analyzed 173 partial mastectomies (129 ductal carcinomas, 14 lobular carcinomas, 28 DCIS).

The Role of Micro-CT in 3D Histology Imaging.

Objectives: 3D histology tissue modeling is a useful analytical technique for understanding anatomy and disease at the cellular level. However, the current accuracy of 3D histology technology is largely unknown, and errors, misalignment and missing information are common in 3D tissue reconstruction. We used micro-CT imaging technology to better understand these issues and the relationship between fresh tissue and its 3D histology counterpart.

Development of a 2D Image Reconstruction and Viewing System for Histological Images from Multiple Tissue Blocks: Towards High-Resolution Whole-Organ 3D Histological Images.

High-resolution 3D histology image reconstruction of the whole brain organ starts from reconstructing the high-resolution 2D histology images of a brain slice. In this paper, we introduced a method to automatically align the histology images of thin tissue sections cut from the multiple paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of a brain slice. For this method, we employed template matching and incorporated an optimization technique to further improve the accuracy of the 2D reconstructed image.

Staining correction in digital pathology by utilizing a dye amount table.

The stained colors of the tissue components are popularly used as features for image analysis. However, variations in the staining condition of the histology slides prompt variations to the color distribution of the stained tissue samples which could impact the accuracy of the analysis. In this paper, we present a method to correct the staining condition of a histology image.

Color standardization in whole slide imaging using a color calibration slide.

Background: Color consistency in histology images is still an issue in digital pathology. Different imaging systems reproduced the colors of a histological slide differently.

Materials And Methods: Color correction was implemented using the color information of the nine color patches of a color calibration slide.

Multispectral enhancement method to increase the visual differences of tissue structures in stained histopathology images.

In this paper we proposed a multispectral enhancement scheme in which the spectral colors of the stained tissue-structure of interest and its background can be independently modified by the user to further improve their visualization and color discrimination. The colors of the background objects are modified by transforming their N-band spectra through an NxN transformation matrix, which is derived by mapping the representative samples of their original spectra to the spectra of their target colors using least mean square method. On the other hand, the color of the tissue structure of interest is modified by modulating the transformed spectra with the sum of the pixel's spectral residual-errors at specific bands weighted through an NxN weighting matrix; the spectral error is derived by taking the difference between the pixel's original spectrum and its reconstructed spectrum using the first M dominant principal component vectors in principal component analysis.

Digital simulation of staining in histopathology multispectral images: enhancement and linear transformation of spectral transmittance.

Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain is currently the most popular for routine histopathology staining. Special and/or immuno-histochemical (IHC) staining is often requested to further corroborate the initial diagnosis on H&E stained tissue sections. Digital simulation of staining (or digital staining) can be a very valuable tool to produce the desired stained images from the H&E stained tissue sections instantaneously.

Referenceless image quality evaluation for whole slide imaging.

Objective: The image quality in whole slide imaging (WSI) is one of the most important issues for the practical use of WSI scanners. In this paper, we proposed an image quality evaluation method for scanned slide images in which no reference image is required.

Methods: While most of the conventional methods for no-reference evaluation only deal with one image degradation at a time, the proposed method is capable of assessing both blur and noise by using an evaluation index which is calculated using the sharpness and noise information of the images in a given training data set by linear regression analysis.

Digital staining for histopathology multispectral images by the combined application of spectral enhancement and spectral transformation.

In this paper we introduced a digital staining method for histopathology images captured with an n-band multispectral camera. The method consisted of two major processes: enhancement of the original spectral transmittance and the transformation of the enhanced transmittance to its target spectral configuration. Enhancement is accomplished by shifting the original transmittance with the scaled difference between the original transmittance and the transmittance estimated with m dominant principal component (PC) vectors;the m-PC vectors were determined from the transmittance samples of the background image.

Multispectral enhancement towards digital staining.

Background: Digital staining can be considered as a special form of image enhancement wherein the concern is not only to increase the contrast between the background objects and objects of interest, but to also impart the colors that mark the objects' unique reactions to a specific stain. In this paper, we extended the previously proposed multispectral enhancement methods such that the colors of the background pixels can also be changed.

Methods: In the previous multispectral enhancement methods a shifting factor is provided to the original spectrum.

Balancing image quality and compression factor for special stains whole slide images.

Unlabelled: The objective is to find a practical balance between quality and performance for daily high volume whole slide imaging. We evaluated whole slide images created by various scanners at different compression factors to determine the best suitable quality factor (QF) needed for pathological images of special stains.

Method: We scanned two sets of eight special stains slides each at 0.

Multispectral image enhancement for effective visualization.

Color enhancement of multispectral images is useful to visualize the image's spectral features. Previously, a color enhancement method, which enhances the feature of a specified spectral band without changing the average color distribution, was proposed. However, sometimes the enhanced features are indiscernible or invisible, especially when the enhanced spectrum lies outside the visible range.

Localization of eosinophilic esophagitis from H&E stained images using multispectral imaging.

This study is an initial investigation on the capability of multispectral imaging to capture subtle spectral information that would enable the automatic delineation between the eosinophilic esophagitis and other eosin stained tissue components, especially the RBCs. In the method, a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the spectral transmittance samples of the different tissue components, excluding however the transmittance samples of the eosinophilic esophagitis. From the average spectral error configuration of the eosinophilic esophagitis transmittance samples, i.

Improving the visualization and detection of tissue folds in whole slide images through color enhancement.

Objective: The objective of this paper is to improve the visualization and detection of tissue folds, which are prominent among tissue slides, from the pre-scan image of a whole slide image by introducing a color enhancement method that enables the differentiation between fold and non-fold image pixels.

Method: The weighted difference between the color saturation and luminance of the image pixels is used as shifting factor to the original RGB color of the image.

Results: Application of the enhancement method to hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained images improves the visualization of tissue folds regardless of the colorimetric variations in the images.

Detection of tissue folds in whole slide images.

In whole slide imaging (WSI) the quality of scanned images is an interplay between the hardware specifications of the scanning device and the condition of the tissue slide itself. Tissue artifacts such as folds and bubbles have been known to affect the efficiency of a whole slide scanning system in selecting the focus points wherein the presence of the said artifacts have been found to produce blur or unfocused images. Thus, for a whole slide scanning device to produce the best image quality, even with the presence of tissue artifacts, information on the location of these artifacts should be known such that they can be avoided in the selection of the focus points.

Digital staining for multispectral images of pathological tissue specimens based on combined classification of spectral transmittance.

In this study, the digital transformation (digital staining) of the 16-band multispectral image of a hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stained pathological specimen to its Masson's trichrome (MT) stained counterpart is addressed. The digital staining procedure involves the classification of the various H&E-stained tissue components and then the transformation of their transmittance spectra to their equivalent MT-stained transmittance configurations. Combination of transmittance classifiers were designed to classify the various tissue components found in the multispectral images of an HE-stained specimen, e.