New approaches to ranking countries for the allocation of development assistance for health: choices, indicators and implications.

The distributions of income and health within and across countries are changing. This challenges the way donors allocate development assistance for health (DAH) and particularly the role of gross national income per capita (GNIpc) in classifying countries to determine whether countries are eligible to receive assistance and how much they receive. Informed by a literature review and stakeholder consultations and interviews, we developed a stepwise approach to the design and assessment of country classification frameworks for the allocation of DAH, with emphasis on critical value choices.

Allocating external financing for health: a discrete choice experiment of stakeholder preferences.

Most donors of external financing for health use allocation policies to determine which countries are eligible to receive financial support and how much support each should receive. Currently, most of these policies place a great deal of weight on income per capita as a determinant of aid allocation but there is increasing interest in putting more weight on other country characteristics in the design of such policies. It is unclear, however, how much weight should be placed on other country characteristics.

Donor funding health policy and systems research in low- and middle-income countries: how much, from where and to whom.

Background: The need for sufficient and reliable funding to support health policy and systems research (HPSR) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) has been widely recognised. Currently, most resources to support such activities come from traditional development assistance for health (DAH) donors; however, few studies have examined the levels, trends, sources and national recipients of such support - a gap this research seeks to address.

Method: Using OECD's Creditor Reporting System database, we classified donor funding commitments using a keyword analysis of the project-level descriptions of donor supported projects to estimate total funding available for HPSR-related activities annually from bilateral and multilateral donors, as well as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, to LMICs over the period 2000-2014.

Interlobular excretory ducts of mammalian salivary glands: structural and histochemical review.

In the major salivary glands of mammals, excretory ducts (EDs) succeed striated ducts. They are for the most part interlobular in position, although their proximal portions sometimes are on the periphery of a lobule, where they occasionally retain some of the structural features of striated ducts. Based on a survey of a broad range of mammalian species and glands, the predominant tissue type that composes EDs is pseudostratified epithelium.

Salivary gland sexual dimorphism: a brief review.

The term "sexual dimorphism" refers to any differences in form, whether those differences be morphological, chemical, or physiological in nature. Sexual dimorphism may be manifested as differences in size, morphological appearance, metabolic activities, responses to hormones, drug sensitivity, rates of maturation, etc. The first report, in 1940, of a sexual dimorphism of salivary glands was that of morphological differences between the submandibular glands (SMG) of male and female mice.

Salivary glands, glycoconjugates and diabetes mellitus.

It is generally accepted that glycoconjugates secreted by salivary glands are important in the protection of the oral environment. Studies with diabetic rodents have shown that their salivary glands are adversely affected. Little effort has been made to determine whether altered synthesis and/or secretion of glycoconjugates occur in salivary glands of diabetic individuals, either human or non-human.

Giant secretory granules in the ducts of the parotid and submandibular glands of the slow loris.

The parotid and submandibular glands of a slow loris, a rare Southeast Asian primate, were obtained after the head had been perfused by fixative for a study of the brain. These tissues were processed by conventional means for electron microscopy. Glands also were obtained at autopsy from 2 other lorises, fixed by immersion in formalin, and subjected to a battery of tests for glycoconjugates.

Mucous droplets with multiple membranes in the accessory submandibular glands of long-winged bats.

Background: Certain species of bats possess two sets of submandibular glands, namely, principal and accessory. The ultrastructure and histochemistry of the accessory submandibular gland was examined in three species of long-winged bats.

Methods: Specimens of Miniopterus schreibersi and M.

Ultrastructure and histochemistry of human anterior lingual salivary glands (glands of Blandin and Nuhn).

Background: Specimens of human anterior lingual salivary glands obtained by surgery and by dissection of cadavers were studied ultrastructurally and histochemically.

Methods: Specimens were obtained by surgery for ultrastructural study. Other specimens for histochemistry were obtained by dissection of fresh cadavers.

Ultrastructure and glycoconjugate histochemistry of the lens capsule during lens regeneration from the iris in the Newt.

The lens capsule of the regenerating lens develops from the basal lamina of the iris epithelium. As the lens differentiates and grows in size, the lens capsule increases in thickness by the formation of successive layers of basal laminar material resulting in a structure composed of increasing numbers of parallel lamellae. This initial arrangement may be lost and a more homogeneous composition of fine granules and filaments may characterize some parts of the capsule in older lenses.

Morphology and glycoconjugate histochemistry of the palpebral glands of the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens.

The eyelids of the newt were studied in 10 microns serial paraffin and 1-2 microns plastic sections using standard histological stains and special stains for glycoconjugates. The eyelids contain four different glands. Simple acinar serous and simple acinar mucous glands occur in the skin; unicellular mucous glands occur in the conjunctiva; and convoluted tubular seromucous glands are present in connective tissue beneath the conjunctiva.

USS Franklin and the USS Stark--recurrent problems in the prevention and treatment of naval battle casualties.

Events such as the Falklands War and naval actions in the Persian Gulf have emphasized the unique nature of battle casualty care on warships. The purpose of this paper is to describe two actions which illustrate the problems that a medical officer may confront when a warship sustains battle damage: that of the USS Franklin in March 1945 and that of the USS Stark in May 1987. Although neither ship was sunk, damage was severe and about one-quarter of each ship's crew became casualties.

Synthesis and secretion of mucous glycoprotein by the gill of Mytilus edulis. I. Histochemical and chromatographic analysis of [14C]glucosamine bioincorporation.

The ability of the isolated gill epithelium of Mytilus edulis to incorporate [14C]glucosamine as a precursor in the biosynthesis and secretion of mucous glycoproteins was investigated. Localization of mucous cells in the gill filament was achieved using histochemical staining techniques. Mucus cells containing neutral and acidic mucins were found in the lateral region, whereas mucus cells containing primarily neutral or sulfated mucins were found in the abfrontal region.

Diaphragm use and urinary tract infections: analysis of urodynamic and microbiological factors.

To investigate how diaphragm use predisposes to urinary tract infection we studied 22 women who experienced 1 or more urinary tract infections while using a diaphragm and 21 who used a diaphragm and did not have a urinary tract infection. For women with and without a prior urinary tract infection the mean peak urine flow rate was significantly less with than without a diaphragm. However, the mean decrease in peak urine flow rate with a diaphragm was not significantly greater for women with a prior urinary tract infection.

Mucosubstance histochemistry in control and acid-stressed epidermis of brown bullhead catfish, Ictalurus nebulosus (LeSueur).

Glycoprotein components of epidermal mucous cells in control (pH 6.8) and acid-stressed (pH 5.8, 4.

Deficient Kupffer cell phagocytosis and lysosomal enzymes in the endotoxin-low-responsive C3H/HeJ mouse.

Various substances, including lysosomal enzymes, are produced by Kupffer cells and other macrophages; their release has been implicated in the toxic response to endotoxins. C3H/HeJ mice exhibit little or no response to doses of endotoxin that are lethal in syngeneic C3HeB/FeJ mice. To explore the nature of this deficient response, the Kupffer cells of these mice were studied using in vivo microscopic as well as histochemical and electron microscopical methods.

Morphological survey of teleost organs important in carcinogenesis with attention to fixation.

Key features of the gross and microscopic anatomy of teleost liver, digestive tract, kidney, and skin were reviewed from the world literature. Illustrations of the above and new findings were obtained from light as well as scanning and transmission electron micrographs of tissues from 7 freshwater fish species: Alosa sapidissima, American shad; Esox lucius, northern pike; Lepomis macrochirus, bluegill sunfish; Pimephales promelas, fathead minnow; Stizostedion vitreum, walleye; Oryzias latipes, Japanese medaka; and Ictalurus nebulosus, brown bullhead catfish. Emphasis was placed on structural features that may influence interpretation of toxic and carcinogenic lesions.

Hematopoiesis on cellulose-ester membranes (CEM). VI. Histochemical evaluation of stromal-CEM interactions after stromal enrichment.

Histochemical procedures were used to elucidate differences in the distribution of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and glycoproteins (GPs) in tubes made of cellulose-ester membrane (CEM) in six weeks and 12 months following intraperitoneal (i.p.) implantation.

Histology and histochemistry of the parotid and the principal and accessory submandibular glands of the little brown bat.

The parotid and the principal and accessory submandibular glands of the little brown bat. Myotis lucifugus (Vespertilionidae), were examined using light microscopy and staining methods for mucosubstances. The parotid gland is a compound tubuloacinar seromucous gland.

Comparative histochemical study of prosimian primate hindlimb muscles. II. Populations of fiber types.

The populations of fiber types in hindlimb muscles of the tree shrew (Tupaia glis), lesser bushbaby (Galago senegalensis), and the slow loris (Nycticebus coucang) were described and an attempt was made to correlate populations of fiber types and locomotor patterns. Muscle fibers were assigned to one of the following groups: fast-twitch glycolytic (FG), fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic (FOG), and slow-twitch oxidase (SO). Histochemical techniques for the demonstration of alkaline- and acid-stable ATPase, succinic dehydrogenase, and mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase were used in the classification of muscle fibers.

Comparative histochemical study of prosimian primate hindlimb muscles. I. Muscle fiber types.

The profiles of fiber types in hindlimb muscles from the tree shrew (Tupaia glis), lesser bushbaby (Galago senegalensis), and the slow loris (Nycticebus coucang) were determined using histochemical techniques. Fibers were classified as fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic (FOG), fast-twitch glycolytic (FG), slow-twitch oxidative (SO), or fast-twitch oxidative (FO), according to reactions for alkaline-stable ATPase, acid-stable ATPase, alpha-glucan phosphorylase, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase, succinate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (MaGPDH), and beta-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase, as well as glycogen staining by the periodic acid-Schiff technique. Prolonged dissection of numerous muscles was carried out on hindlimbs submersed in cold Tyrode's solution; such treatment had no qualitative effect on enzyme staining reactions, but it is not a suitable procedure if one wishes to stain for glycogen.

Sexual dimorphism of sublingual glands in tree shrews.

On the basis of histochemical characteristics it was possible to demostrate a sexual dimorphism of the tree shrew sublingual gland. Although numerous staining methods for the demonstration of mucosubstances were used in this study, only methods for the demonstration of sulfated glycoproteins (sulfomucins) were effective in demonstrating the sexual dimorphism. Numerous sulfomucin-laden cells occurred in the mucous tubules and acini of female sublingual glands, but only rarely were such cells observed in sublingual glands of male animals.