Interleukin-1 receptor 1 deficiency worsens hepatocellular carcinoma, while gemcitabine treatment alleviates the hepatocellular carcinoma-induced increase in intra-hepatic immune cells.

Background And Aim: Primary liver cancer, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), represents a substantial global health challenge. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors are effective in HCC treatment, several patients still experience disease progression. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) regulates immunity and inflammation.

Immunogenicity and safety of heterologous booster with protein-based COVID-19 vaccine (NVX-CoV2373) in healthy adults: A comparative analysis with mRNA vaccines.

Background: Information on the protein-based severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine-NVX-CoV2373 (Novavax), as a heterologous booster remains limited. We investigated the immunogenicity and adverse events of NVX-CoV2373 as a second booster and compared them with those of mRNA vaccines in healthy adults.

Methods: Healthcare workers who had received an mRNA vaccine (mRNA-1273 or BNT-162b2) as the first booster (third dose) 12 weeks prior were recruited.

Association of vaccine-specific regulatory T cells with reduced antibody response to repeated influenza vaccination.

Repeated annual influenza vaccinations have been associated with reduced vaccine-induced antibody responses. This prospective study aimed to explore the role of vaccine antigen-specific regulatory T (Treg) cells in antibody response to repeated annual influenza vaccination. We analyzed pre- and postvaccination hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers, seroconversion rates, seroprotection rates, vaccine antigen hemagglutinin (HA)-specific Treg cells, and conventional T (Tconv) cells.

Immune response and safety of heterologous ChAdOx1-nCoV-19/mRNA-1273 vaccination compared with homologous ChAdOx1-nCoV-19 or homologous mRNA-1273 vaccination.

Background/purpose: Efficacy and safety data of heterologous prime-boost vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 remains limited.

Methods: We recruited adult volunteers for homologous or heterologous prime-boost vaccinations with adenoviral (ChAdOx1, AstraZeneca) and/or mRNA (mRNA-1273, Moderna) vaccines. Four groups of prime-boost vaccination schedules were designed: Group 1, ChAdOx1/ChAdOx1 8 weeks apart; Group 2, ChAdOx1/mRNA-1273 8 weeks apart; Group 3, ChAdOx1/mRNA-1273 4 weeks apart; and Group 4, mRNA-1273/mRNA-1273 4 weeks apart.

Robust induction of Ts by combinatorial nanoshells confers cross-strain sterilizing immunity against lethal influenza viruses.

Antigen-specific lung-resident memory T cells (Ts) constitute the first line of defense that mediates rapid protection against respiratory pathogens and inspires novel vaccine designs against infectious pandemic threats, yet effective means of inducing Ts, particularly via non-viral vectors, remain challenging. Here, we demonstrate safe and potent induction of lung-resident Ts using a biodegradable polymeric nanoshell that co-encapsulates antigenic peptides and TLR9 agonist CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) in a virus-mimicking structure. Through subcutaneous priming and intranasal boosting, the combinatorial nanoshell vaccine elicits prominent lung-resident CD4 and CD8 T cells that surprisingly show better durability than live viral infections.

Nano-Scaled Creep Response of TiAlV Low Density Medium Entropy Alloy at Elevated Temperatures.

A low density, medium entropy alloy (LD-MEA) TiAlV (4.44 g/cm) was successfully developed. The microstructure was found to be composed of a disordered body-centered-cubic (BCC) matrix and minor ordered B2 precipitates based on transmission electron microscopy characterization.

Vaccine-induced antigen-specific regulatory T cells attenuate the antiviral immunity against acute influenza virus infection.

Peptide-based T cell vaccines targeting the conserved epitopes of influenza virus can provide cross-protection against distantly related strains, but they are generally not immunogenic. Foreign antigen-specific regulatory T (Treg) cells are induced under subimmunogenic conditions peripherally, although their development and role in vaccine-mediated antiviral immunity is unclear. Here, we demonstrated primary vaccination with peptides alone significantly induced antigen-specific Foxp3 Treg cells, which were further expanded by repeated vaccination with unadjuvanted peptides.

Tranylcypromine reduces herpes simplex virus 1 infection in mice.

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infects the majority of the human population and establishes latency by maintaining viral genomes in neurons of sensory ganglia. Latent virus can undergo reactivation to cause recurrent infection. Both primary and recurrent infections can cause devastating diseases, including encephalitis and corneal blindness.