[Advances in clinical management of neonatal sepsis].

Neonatal sepsis, as a significant cause of various complications and adverse outcomes in neonates, remains a serious health burden both domestically and internationally. Strategies such as antibiotic prophylaxis during delivery, the utilization of early-onset sepsis risk calculators, and quality improvement initiatives in neonatal wards are beneficial in alleviating the disease burden of neonatal sepsis. This paper provides a review of the epidemiology, risk factors, and recent advances in clinical management of neonatal sepsis.

Clinical characteristics of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very preterm infants.

Objectives: With the development of perinatal and neonatal intensive care medicine, the survival rate of very premature infants increases year by year. However, the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) increases year by year, which seriously affects the survival prognosis of very premature infants. How to prevent and treat BPD effectively has become the focus of neonatologists.

Docosahexaenoic acid improves cognition and hippocampal pyroptosis in rats with intrauterine growth restriction.

Background And Objective: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is defined as the failure of a fetus to reach its genetic growth potential in utero resulted by maternal, placental, fetal, and genetic factors. Previous studies have reported that IUGR is associated with a high incidence of neurological damage, although the precise causes of such damage remain unclear. We aimed to investigate whether cognitive impairment in rats with IUGR is related to pyroptosis of hippocampal neurons and determine the effect of early intervention with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

[A 10-year retrospective study of pathogens and antimicrobial resistance in neonatal sepsis].

Objectives: To investigate the changes in the pathogen spectrum and antimicrobial resistance over time in neonatal sepsis.

Methods: The medical data were collected from the neonates who were diagnosed with sepsis in the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from January 2010 to December 2019. The incidence rate of sepsis, the pathogen spectrum, and the characteristics of antimicrobial resistance were analyzed.

Etiology and clinical characteristics of neonatal sepsis in different medical setting models: A retrospective multi-center study.

Objective: General hospitals admit lower gestational age neonates than maternal and child health care centers, therefore associated with a higher morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to assess the etiology and clinical characteristics of neonatal sepsis in different medical setting models.

Methods: Neonates admitted to 5 tertiary medical centers, including one national general hospital, two maternal and child health care hospitals and two regional general hospitals, in central-south China with culture-proven sepsis between January 2010 and December 2019 were included in the study.

[Correlation of gene expression with hepatic fat content in rats with intrauterine growth retardation].

Objectives: To study the correlation of the expression of in visceral adipose tissue and in liver tissue with hepatic fat content in rats with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR).

Methods: Pregnant rats were given a low-protein (10% protein) diet during pregnancy to establish a model of IUGR in neonatal rats. The pregnant rats in the control group were given a normal-protein (21% protein) diet during pregnancy.

SHEL5K: An Extended Dataset and Benchmarking for Safety Helmet Detection.

Wearing a safety helmet is important in construction and manufacturing industrial activities to avoid unpleasant situations. This safety compliance can be ensured by developing an automatic helmet detection system using various computer vision and deep learning approaches. Developing a deep-learning-based helmet detection model usually requires an enormous amount of training data.

The timing of withdrawal from caffeine citrate in very preterm infants.

Objectives: To study the clinical features and outcome of very preterm infants withdrawn from caffeine citrate at different time points.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of the preterm infants with a gestational age of <32 weeks, who were hospitalized in the Division of Neonatology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, from January 1, 2016 to November 30, 2020. According to the time of withdrawal from caffeine citrate, the infants who met the study criteria were divided into the group with withdrawal before the last week of hospitalization and the group with withdrawal within the last week of hospitalization.

Parallel Residual Bi-Fusion Feature Pyramid Network for Accurate Single-Shot Object Detection.

This paper proposes the Parallel Residual Bi-Fusion Feature Pyramid Network (PRB-FPN) for fast and accurate single-shot object detection. Feature Pyramid (FP) is widely used in recent visual detection, however the top-down pathway of FP cannot preserve accurate localization due to pooling shifting. The advantage of FP is weakened as deeper backbones with more layers are used.

Expert consensus on clinical management of metabolic bone disease of prematurity (2021).

Metabolic bone disease of prematurity (MBDP) is a systemic bone disease with a reduction in bone mineral content due to disorder of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. There is still a lack of in-depth research and systematic understanding of MBDP in China, and there are many irregularities in clinical management of this disease. Based on relevant studies in China and overseas, Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation was used to develop the expert consensus on the clinical management of MBDP, which provides recommendations from the following five aspects: high-risk factors, screening/diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and post-discharge follow-up of MBDP, so as to provide relevant practitioners with recommendations on the clinical management of MBDP to reduce the incidence rate of MBDP and improve its short- and long-term prognosis.

Etiology, antimicrobial resistance, and risk factors of neonatal sepsis in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis from data of 30 years.

Objective: To evaluate the regional etiology, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pattern, and risk factors in neonates with sepsis in China.

Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis by searching Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science in December 2020. Studies of neonatal sepsis from China published between 2011 and 2020 were included.

Mechanisms Underlying Neurologic Injury in Intrauterine Growth Restriction.

Intrauterine growth restriction is a condition that prevents normal fetal development, and previous studies have reported that intrauterine growth restriction is caused by adverse intrauterine factors. This condition affects both short- and long-term neurodevelopmental disorders. Studies have revealed that neurodevelopmental disorders can contribute to gray and white matter damage and decrease the brain volume of affected individuals.

Association of vitamin D status at birth with pulmonary disease morbidity in very preterm infants.

Objective: We aimed to assess whether serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels at birth are associated with pulmonary disease morbidities in very preterm infants.

Methods: This prospective cohort analysis included 93 infants born before 32 weeks of gestation in the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University between March 2016 and February 2017. Participants were classified into three groups according to their 25(OH)D levels at birth.

Hybrid algorithms for generating optimal designs for discriminating multiple nonlinear models under various error distributional assumptions.

Finding a model-based optimal design that can optimally discriminate among a class of plausible models is a difficult task because the design criterion is non-differentiable and requires 2 or more layers of nested optimization. We propose hybrid algorithms based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) to solve such optimization problems, including cases when the optimal design is singular, the mean response of some models are not fully specified and problems that involve 4 layers of nested optimization. Using several classical examples, we show that the proposed PSO-based algorithms are not models or criteria specific, and with a few repeated runs, can produce either an optimal design or a highly efficient design.

Caffeine citrate maintenance doses effect on extubation and apnea postventilation in preterm infants.

Background: Caffeine citrate is used to prevent apnea in premature infants and help in extubation of invasive ventilation, but the optimal dose remains undetermined.

Methods: Neonates born at less than 30 weeks gestation who had received invasive ventilation for at least 48 hours and a loading dose of 20 mg/kg caffeine citrate were randomly assigned into high (10 mg/kg daily) or low (5 mg/kg daily) maintenance dose groups. The drug was discontinued if no apnea occurred for 7 consecutive days.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Neonates and Children From China: A Review.

At the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus began to spread in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. The confirmed cases increased nationwide rapidly, in part due to the increased population mobility during the Chinese Lunar New Year festival. The World Health Organization (WHO) subsequently named the novel coronavirus pneumonia Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and named the virus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2).

Bone Turnover Markers and Bone Histomorphometry in Pubertal Rats with Intrauterine Growth Restriction.

To investigate the effect of malnutrition during pregnancy on bone development in rat pups with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). IUGR offspring were induced with a 10% low protein diet, while the control group was given a 21% protein diet during pregnancy. Serum biomarkers including bone glutamyl protein (BGP), amino-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen (P1NP), cross linked N-telopeptide of type I collagen (NTX), and insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels were measured at 7, 21 and 56 d.

Application of a modified electrocardiogram-guided technique for umbilical venous catheterisation in neonates: A retrospective trial.

Aim: To investigate the effectiveness and safety of modified electrocardiogram (ECG)-guided technique in umbilical venous catheterisation in neonates.

Methods: Sixty-six critically ill neonates underwent umbilical venous catheterisation with (ECG group) or without (control group) ECG guidance from January 2017 to March 2019. We retrospectively analysed and compared the rate of correct tip placement on first try, unplanned extubation rate and incidence of catheter-related complications between the two groups.

Correlations of PPARα and PPARγ expressions with H-MRS quantified hepatic fat content in pups of rats that experienced intrauterine growth restriction.

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-MRS) measurement of hepatic fat content in intrauterine growth restriction rats has rarely been reported. This study was to explore the association of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and gamma (PPARα and PPARγ) expression with H-MRS quantified hepatic fat content in offspring of rats that experienced intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). IUGR was established by feeding a low-protein diet to female rats during pregnancy.

MiR-199a-5p regulates sirtuin1 and PI3K in the rat hippocampus with intrauterine growth restriction.

In humans, malnutrition during pregnancy results in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and an increased risk of neurological morbidities; altered miRNA characteristics have been suggested to contribute to IUGR neurological pathogenesis. A miRNA microarray was used to identify differentially expressed miRNA molecules in the hippocampi of rats with IUGR. Five of the molecules in question were selectively validated using real-time PCR in rats with IUGR.

Standardized maximim -optimal designs for enzyme kinetic inhibition models.

Locally optimal designs for nonlinear models require a single set of nominal values for the unknown parameters. An alternative is the maximin approach that allows the user to specify a range of values for each parameter of interest. However, the maximin approach is difficult because we first have to determine the locally optimal design for each set of nominal values before maximin types of optimal designs can be found via a nested optimization process.

Effect of L-arginine supplementation on the hepatic phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway and gluconeogenic enzymes in early intrauterine growth-restricted rats.

The present study aimed to investigate the response of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway and gluconeogenic enzymes in intrauterine growth-restricted rats to dietary L-arginine (L-Arg) supplementation during the lactation period early in life. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group (CON), an intrauterine growth restriction group (IUGR) and an L-Arg group (LA). The pregnant rats in the CON group were fed a 21% protein diet, and those in the IUGR and LA groups were fed a 10% low protein diet, and all rats were fed a 21% protein diet after delivery.