A study of clinical anatomy of the safe zone for the volar approach for wrist arthroscopy.

Objective: The current study was to perform an anatomical observation of the volar approach for wrist arthroscopy and to establish the safe zone for this approach.

Methods: Eight preserved specimens and 2 fresh specimens were used to simulate the medial-to-lateral operation and to mark the volar approach. Based on anatomical measurements of the volar approach, the closest distances from the 1/2, 6R, 6U, VR, VR' and VU approaches to the adjacent important structures were established.

Iron-Manganese (Oxyhydro)oxides, Rather than Oxidation of Sulfides, Determine Mobilization of Cd during Soil Drainage in Paddy Soil Systems.

The preharvest drainage of rice paddy fields during the grain filling stage can result in a substantial mobilization of Cd in soil and, consequently, elevated grain Cd concentration. However, the processes controlling the mobilization of Cd remains poorly understood. Using 12 field-contaminated paddy soils, we investigated the factors controlling the temporal changes in Cd solubility in paddy soils that were incubated anaerobically for 40 d followed by a 20 d oxidation period.