Integrated assessment of coastal ecological security based on land use change and ecosystem services in the Jiaozhou Bay, Shandong Peninsula, China.

Land use-based development activities can change the quality of coastal environment and the supply pattern of ecosystem services, negatively affecting the ecological security of coastal zones. Coastal ecosystem research has generally used terrestrial ecosystem research models which cannot actually reflect the features of the coastal zone─An independent environmental system combining land and sea. A scientific explanation is lacking for the complex relationship among driving factor of land-based activities, the response of ecosystem services, and the realization of ecological security in the coastal zone.