Self-care interventions to assist family physicians with mental health care of older patients during the COVID-19 pandemic: Feasibility, acceptability, and outcomes of a pilot randomized controlled trial.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has required family physicians to rapidly address increasing mental health problems with limited resources. Vulnerable home-based seniors with chronic physical conditions and commonly undermanaged symptoms of anxiety and depression were recruited in this pilot study to compare two brief self-care intervention strategies for the management of symptoms of depression and/or anxiety.

Methods: We conducted a pilot RCT to compare two tele-health strategies to address mental health symptoms either with 1) validated CBT self-care tools plus up to three telephone calls from a trained lay coach vs.

Smoking status impacts treatment efficacy in smoke-induced lung inflammation: A pre-clinical study.

Smoking status and smoking history remain poorly accounted for as variables that could affect the efficacy of new drugs being tested in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. As a proof of concept, we used a pre-clinical model of cigarette smoke (CS) exposure to compare the impact of treatment during active CS exposure or during the cessation period on the anti-inflammatory effects IL-1α signaling blockade. Mice were exposed to CS for 2 weeks, followed by a 1-week cessation, then acutely re-exposed for 2 days.

Recombinant human β-defensin 2 delivery improves smoking-induced lung neutrophilia and bacterial exacerbation.

Treatment of the cigarette smoke-associated lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), has largely focused on broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory therapies. However, these therapies, such as high-dose inhaled corticosteroids, enhance patient susceptibility to lung infection and exacerbation. Our objective was to assess whether the cationic host defense peptide, human β-defensin 2 (hBD-2), can simultaneously reduce pulmonary inflammation in cigarette smoke-exposed mice while maintaining immune competence during bacterial exacerbation.

Glycerol contained in vaping liquids affects the liver and aspects of energy homeostasis in a sex-dependent manner.

Vaping is increasingly popular among the young and adult population. Vaping liquids contained in electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are mainly composed of propylene glycol and glycerol, to which nicotine and flavors are added. Among several biological processes, glycerol is a metabolic substrate used for lipid synthesis in fed state as well as glucose synthesis in fasting state.

Neutrophils and IL-1α Regulate Surfactant Homeostasis during Cigarette Smoking.

Cigarette smoke exposure induces inflammation marked by rapid and sustained neutrophil infiltration, IL-1α, release and altered surfactant homeostasis. However, the extent to which neutrophils and IL-1α contribute to the maintenance of pulmonary surfactant homeostasis is not well understood. We sought to investigate whether neutrophils play a role in surfactant clearance as well as the effect of neutrophil depletion and IL-1α blockade on the response to cigarette smoke exposure.

Critical importance of dietary methionine and choline in the maintenance of lung homeostasis during normal and cigarette smoke exposure conditions.

Genetic predispositions and environmental exposures are regarded as the main predictors of respiratory disease development. Although the impact of dietary essential nutrient deficiencies on cardiovascular disease, obesity, and type II diabetes has been widely studied, it remains poorly explored in chronic respiratory diseases. Dietary choline and methionine deficiencies are common in the population, and their impact on pulmonary homeostasis is currently unknown.

Pharmacological activation of liver X receptor during cigarette smoke exposure adversely affects alveolar macrophages and pulmonary surfactant homeostasis.

Smoking alters pulmonary reverse lipid transport and leads to intracellular lipid accumulation in alveolar macrophages. We investigated whether stimulating reverse lipid transport with an agonist of the liver X receptor (LXR) would help alveolar macrophages limit lipid accumulation and dampen lung inflammation in response to cigarette smoke. Mice were exposed to cigarette smoke and treated intraperitoneally with the LXR agonist T0901317.

Short bowel syndrome in infants: the critical role of luminal nutrients in a management program.

Short bowel syndrome develops when the remnant mass of functioning enterocytes following massive resections cannot support growth or maintain fluid-electrolyte balance and requires parenteral nutrition. Resection itself stimulates the intestine's inherent ability to adapt morphologically and functionally. The capacity to change is very much related to the high turnover rate of enterocytes and is mediated by several signals; these signals are mediated in large part by enteral nutrition.

Doubling calcium and phosphate concentrations in neonatal parenteral nutrition solutions using monobasic potassium phosphate.

Background: Premature infants require high intakes of Ca and P to mimic fetal accretion rates. With the current phosphate salt used, adequate amounts cannot be provided due to the precipitation of Ca and P in TPN solutions.

Objective: To compare monobasic potassium phosphate (monobasic regimen) and monobasic plus dibasic potassium phosphate (dibasic regimen) on calcium phosphate solubility in 5 amino acid products, and to determine whether solubility differences observed in these products can be explained by buffering capacity.

Contribution of multivitamins, air, and light in the generation of peroxides in adult and neonatal parenteral nutrition solutions.

Objective: To compare the concentrations of peroxides between adult and neonatal total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solutions in response to protection against inducers of peroxidation such as multivitamins and exposure to light or air.

Methods: Peroxide concentrations were measured in freshly prepared adult and neonatal solutions of fat-free TPN in four settings: with or without an air inlet, and protected or unprotected from ambient light. An oxygen washout was performed by exposing a fat-free neonatal TPN solution to a continuous flow of nitrogen.

[The importance of dietary sodium: the time has come for a public health intervention].

In recent years, many studies have been published regarding the link between sodium intake and high blood pressure. Canadian, American and WHO Guidelines on the treatment of hypertension all indicate salt reduction as an efficient non-pharmacologic recommendation. However, due to the lack of clear and specific Canadian legislation on food labelling, consumers are not able to make informed choices of food products on the basis of salt content.

Protecting solutions of parenteral nutrition from peroxidation.

Background: Light exposure induces the generation of peroxides in solutions of total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Peroxide toxicity has been documented in cell, in tissue, and in isolated organs. To decrease the infused peroxide load and to protect the quality of the parenteral nutrients, we tested the photoprotective properties of different infusion sets.

Influence of energy substrates on respiratory gas exchange during conventional mechanical ventilation of preterm infants.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal parenteral feeding regimen for infants with compromised respiratory function.

Methods: We studied the influence of varying the source of energy on respiratory gas exchange in 10 infants who were supported by mechanical ventilation and who received intravenous feedings. Two isoenergetic parenteral regimens were infused consecutively; the level of fat intake was varied inversely with that of glucose.

Classification of fatal occupational electrocutions.

The objective of this study was to describe fatal occupational electrocutions that occurred in Quebec between 1981 and 1988 and propose a classification suitable for setting up a prevention agenda. Of 63 fatalities, an investigation report was available in 57 (90.5%).

Fatal occupational injury rates: Quebec, 1981 through 1988.

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to estimate the death rates from occupational injuries in the province of Quebec for the period 1981 through 1988.

Methods: Worker's compensation files were used to ascertain numbers of deaths, which were used as the numerators in figuring the rates (it was estimated that these files reported 83% of the true number of deaths among men). Annual average estimates of the labor force were used as denominators.

Clinical and nutritional impacts of removing bisulfite from neonatal parenteral nutrition.

There is a general willingness to eliminate sulfites from the diet because of adverse reactions. Because little is known about the biological effects of these antioxidants in vivo, we compared clinical and nutritional parameters in newborn infants receiving two parenteral amino acid solutions containing either 300 mg/dl or no metabisulfite. The primary objective was to verify whether decreasing the sulfur content of parenteral nutrition would diminish the calciuria of newborn infants.

Total parenteral nutrition in the newborn infant: energy substrates and respiratory gas exchange.

The hypothesis that a high-fat parenteral regimen was beneficial for respiratory gas exchanges, in comparison with a high-glucose regimen, was tested in a paired crossover design. Ten parenterally fed newborn infants with no respiratory problems received two 5-day isoenergetic and isonitrogenous regimens that differed in their nonprotein source of energy; the level of fat intake (low fat (LF) 1 gm.kg-1.

Role of the source of phosphate salt in improving the mineral balance of parenterally fed low birth weight infants.

Because the monobasic potassium phosphate salt (monobasic) improves the solubility of calcium and phosphorus in amino acid plus dextrose solutions, compared with the current mixtures of monobasic plus dibasic salts (dibasic), we tested the bioavailability and clinical effects of monobasic in 16 parenterally fed low birth weight infants at standard (n = 8) and high levels (n = 8) of mineral intakes. A constant infusion of macronutrients and vitamin D was provided in a crossover design of two four-day periods. With standard intakes of calcium (35 mg/kg/day, 0.

Reliability of the twenty-four-hour nitrogen balance in parenterally fed newborn infants.

The reliability of shorter nitrogen balance determinations was evaluated in order to facilitate the nutritional assessment of parenterally fed infants. The intraindividual day-to-day variations of nitrogen intake, excretion, and retention were analyzed in 23 parenterally fed newborn infants (birth weight: 785-2630 g). Nitrogen retentions measured over 3 consecutive days were highly correlated (r = 0.

Metabolic and clinical consequences of changing from high-glucose to high-fat regimens in parenterally fed newborn infants.

To evaluate the metabolic and clinical consequences of changing from high-glucose to high-fat regimens during initiation of parenteral nutrition, we performed 22 studies in 11 newborn infants (birth weight (mean +/- SD) 2.54 +/- 0.54 kg, gestational age 37 +/- 3 weeks, postnatal age 8 +/- 3 days) maintained in a constant thermal environment.

Beneficial effect of coinfusing a lipid emulsion on venous patency.

The hypothesis that infused fat could prolong venous patency was tested in a paired crossover design. Parenterally fed newborn infants received, for a given level of energy, (60 vs 80 kcal/kg/day), two 6-day isocaloric and isonitrogenous (434 +/- 3.4 mg/kg/day, n = 32) regimens differing only by the fat intake (LF: 1.

Total parenteral nutrition in the newborn: energy substrates and plasma total fatty acids.

Carbohydrate and lipid intakes have both been found to modulate the metabolism of long-chain fatty acids. To define the respective influence of these two energy substrates on plasma fatty acid concentrations, 32 studies were performed in 16 parenterally fed newborn infants (mean +/- SEM, birth wt: 2.15 +/- 0.

Total parenteral nutrition in the newborn: amino acids-energy interrelationships.

As part of an ongoing study on the influence of intravenous glucose and fat on nitrogen metabolism we evaluated the relationship between the source of infused energy and plasma amino acid levels. Thirty-two studies were performed in 16 appropriate-for-gestational-age newborn infants (birth weight, 2150 +/- 115 g; means +/- SEM). In a crossover design each patient received two 6-d periods of isocaloric and isonitrogenous infusions, differing only by the source of calories (high or low fat intakes).

Total parenteral nutrition in the newborn: impact of the quality of infused energy on nitrogen metabolism.

To separate the respective influence of the level and source of infused energy on nitrogen metabolism, 32 studies were performed in 16 appropriate-for-gestational-age newborn infants (birth weight 2150 +/- 115 g, means +/- SEM). In a cross-over design, each patient received two 6-d periods of isocaloric and isonitrogenous (450 mg.kg-1.

Total parenteral nutrition in very low birth weight infants with Travasol 10% blend C.

Ten very low birth weight (VLBW) infants (birth weight: 994 +/- 66 g, gestational age: 27 +/- 0.5 wk) requiring total parenteral nutrition (TPN) were studied in order to evaluate their metabolic response to the amino acid solution Travasol 10% blend C. These patients received the solution at a constant rate, providing 2.