Bacterial osteomyelitis in pediatric patients: a comprehensive review.

Bacterial osteomyelitis, an inflammatory response in the bone caused by microorganisms, typically affects the metaphysis in the skeletally immature. Bacterial osteomyelitis possesses a significant diagnostic challenge in pediatric patients due to its nonspecific clinical presentation. Because the metaphysis is the primary focus of infection in skeletally immature patients, understanding the normal physiologic, maturation process of bones throughout childhood allows to understand the pathophysiology of osteomyelitis.

The Society for Pediatric Radiology Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Emergency and Trauma Imaging Committees' consensus protocol recommendation for rapid MRI for evaluating suspected appendicitis in children.

The imaging evaluation of acute abdominal pain in children with suspected appendicitis has evolved to include rapid abdominopelvic MRI (rMRI) over recent years. Through a collaborative effort between the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Emergency and Trauma Imaging Committees of the Society for Pediatric Radiology (SPR), we conducted a survey on the utilization of rMRI to assess practice specifics and protocols. Subsequently, we present a proposed consensus rMRI protocol derived from the survey results, literature review, and discussion and consensus between committee members.

Radiologic and Clinical Features of Infantile Hemangioma: Potential Pitfalls and Differential Diagnosis.

Infantile hemangioma (IH) is the most common neoplasm in children, but it may mimic other types of vascular anomalies or nonvascular benign and malignant tumors. In most cases, the clinical appearance, time of onset, and pattern of involution facilitate its diagnosis. Imaging evaluation is not always needed since the IH features at clinical presentation are usually characteristic, but when needed, US and frequently MRI are the imaging modalities of choice.

Prenatal Recognition of Hepatopulmonary Fusion in Right-Sided Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia for Successful Operative Planning.

Introduction: Hepatopulmonary fusion (HPF) is a rare anomaly specifically associated with right-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Fewer than 50 cases of HPF have been reported, most at the time of surgery or postmortem with an associated high morbidity and mortality rate. Prenatal diagnosis and optimal management of these rare cases have not been established.

The Importance of Neutrophil Gelatinase - Associated Lipocalin and Liver Type Fatty Acid Binding Protein in Acute Kidney Injury.

Background: The most important factor in the diagnosis of AKI is to accurately and early detect the damage that occurs in the kidney before the filtration capacity of the kidney decreases. Therefore, we discussed the use of NGAL and L-FABP in the early diagnosis of acute kidney injury, evaluation of clinical severity and prognosis as well as prediction of hemodialysis decision in this prospective study.

Methods: We studied 82 participants which included 41 patients aged 18 years and older with the diagnosis of acute kidney injury.

From Microcytosis to Macrodiagnosis.

A 12-year-old Hispanic girl presented with fatigue, lightheadedness, and intermittent headaches. She was depressed and appeared pale to her mother. Her examination was unremarkable except for palpebral conjunctival pallor and was otherwise noncontributory.

The Greulich-Pyle and Gilsanz-Ratib atlas method versus automated estimation tool for bone age: a multi-observer agreement study.

Purpose: To evaluate the agreement between observers using Greulich-Pyle (GP) and Gilsanz-Ratib (GR) methods, between four specialities (radiology, pediatrics, pediatric endocrinology and pediatric radiology) and between observers and automated tool in the bone age estimation.

Materials And Methods: A total of 99 observers participated in this questionnaire-based study. BoneXpert was used for the automated tool.

Clinical experience with two-point mDixon turbo spin echo as an alternative to conventional turbo spin echo for magnetic resonance imaging of the pediatric knee.

Background: Two-point modified Dixon (mDixon) turbo spin-echo (TSE) sequence provides an efficient, robust method of fat suppression. In one mDixon acquisition, four image types can be generated: water-only, fat-only, in-phase and opposed-phase images.

Objective: To determine whether PD mDixon TSE water-only and, by proxy, PD in-phase images generated by one acquisition can replace two conventional PD TSE sequences with and without fat suppression in routine clinical MR examination of the knee.

Colossal pilomatrixoma.

We describe the largest reported case of pilomatrixoma in the literature. While pilomatrixomas typically present as small soft-tissue nodules of the head, neck and upper extremities, they can also present as much larger masses in atypical locations. When they present in their usual size, pilomatrixomas have typical imaging features and can be correctly diagnosed with imaging studies before histological confirmation.

Radiological picture of premature baby with manifestation of brachytelephalangic type chondrodysplasia punctata, myelomalacia.

Chondrodysplasia punctata (CDP) is a heterogeneous disease with multiple syndromic types and characterization of the CDP subtype is important for prognostic purposes. The aim of this study is to provide information about brachytelephalangic CDP, discuss its radiographic findings and emphasize the importance of cervical spine findings. Physicians must be aware of the potentially serious complications of CDP especially its cervical spine findings.

Pancreatic tumors in children and young adults with tuberous sclerosis complex.

Background: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are not included in the diagnostic criteria for tuberous sclerosis complex, although an association has been described.

Objective: To investigate the association of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor in children and young adults with tuberous sclerosis complex and define MRI characteristics of the tumor.

Materials And Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the abdominal MRI scans of 55 children and young adults with tuberous sclerosis complex for the presence of a pancreatic mass.

Sonography of pediatric blunt scrotal trauma: what the pediatric urologist wants to know.

Pediatric blunt scrotal trauma is most often the consequence of sports injury and presents a diagnostic challenge because swelling and pain make a scrotal physical exam difficult. US with color flow and duplex Doppler is the first-line imaging modality with the goal of accurate and timely diagnosis of injury requiring surgery to preserve fertility and hormonal function. US imaging findings following blunt scrotal trauma include hydrocele, hematocele, testicular hematoma, testicular fracture, testicular rupture, compromised perfusion/testicular torsion and testicular dislocation.

Low-Flow Vascular Malformation Pitfalls: From Clinical Examination to Practical Imaging Evaluation--Part 2, Venous Malformation Mimickers.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to review the unusual clinical and radiographic features of venous malformations that can give rise to diagnostic confusion. Entities that can have overlapping clinical and imaging features with venous malformations are also reviewed.

Conclusion: Venous malformations are congenital endothelial malformations secondary to errors in vascular morphogenesis and are usually diagnosed in the first 2 decades of life.

Low-Flow Vascular Malformation Pitfalls: From Clinical Examination to Practical Imaging Evaluation--Part 1, Lymphatic Malformation Mimickers.

Objective: Palpable subcutaneous masses present in various shapes and sizes in the pediatric population and, accordingly, represent a variety of underlying causes. Lymphatic and venous malformations are among the most common pediatric subcutaneous lesions. However, there are congenital and acquired, as well as benign and malignant, soft-tissue masses that can mimic them clinically and at imaging.

Impact of abdominal visceral adipose tissue on disease outcome in pediatric Crohn's disease.

Background: Increased abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is associated with systemic inflammation. The influence of VAT on pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has not been studied. The objective of this study was to investigate the differences in VAT between pediatric patients with IBD and age-matched controls and identify associations between VAT and Crohn's disease (CD) outcomes.

Anthropometric indices in relation to overweight and obesity among Turkish medical students.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to present the reference anthropometric data associated with obesity for cardiovascular risk and metabolic diseases for healthy young adults in a Turkish population.

Material And Methods: The study group consisted of 1163 second-year medical students (650 women, 513 men) aged 20-25 years from Çukurova University in Adana and the measurements were made using a flexible standard measuring tape. The data were collected during the period 2007-2011.

Poland syndrome with extracorporeal intercostal liver herniation and thoracic myelomeningocele.

Poland syndrome is characterized by hypoplastic unilateral chest wall structures. These chest wall deformities may be associated with upper extremity anomalies. The association of Poland syndrome with either intercostal liver herniation or a spinocerebral deformity has been described, but there is no report of both findings encountered simultaneously.

Morphometric MRI evaluation of corpus callosum and ventricles in normal adults.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the normal values of subregions of corpus callosum and ventricles in healthy adult people in our population using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to establish gender differences.

Methods: The MRI of 52 healthy individuals (29 females and 23 males) aged 20-50 years was obtained. The measurements were performed from MRI on a workstation.

The effects of maternal deprivation on the hippocampal structure in adult rats.

Objectives: To examine the ultrastructural effects of maternal deprivation during developmental periods of limbic-hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal system on hippocampal dendritic structures in adult rats.

Methods: The experiments were carried out with male and female Wistar rats in our department. The rats were mated and, after birth, the pups were divided into four groups.

Unilateral Coexisting Intralobar and Extralobar Pulmonary Sequestrations.

Pulmonary sequestration is a focal area of nonfunctioning, dysplastic lung parenchyma that lacks communication with the normal tracheobronchial tree. It is supplied by the systemic arterial circulation and has two types, intralobar and extralobar, that can be differentiated from each other by the pleural covering and the venous drainage. Their coexistence is extremely rare.

Determination of normal calf and ankle values among medical students.

The current study was undertaken to determine the mean values of surface measurements from right and left calves and ankles. These measurements were taken from 150 second-year medical students (75 women and 75 men, ages 18 to 23 years) from Cukurova University in Turkey using a flexible standard measuring tape. The mean values for calf circumference, length of the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle, distance between the inferior border of the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle and the medial malleolus of tibia, and ankle circumference were analyzed.