Border collie comprehends object names as verbal referents.

Four experiments investigated the ability of a border collie (Chaser) to acquire receptive language skills. Experiment 1 demonstrated that Chaser learned and retained, over a 3-year period of intensive training, the proper-noun names of 1022 objects. Experiment 2 presented random pair-wise combinations of three commands and three names, and demonstrated that she understood the separate meanings of proper-noun names and commands.

Orofacial pain in young adults and associated childhood and adulthood factors: results of the population study, Wales, United Kingdom.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of orofacial pain (OFP) among young adults (30-31 years old) and to determine the effect of childhood and adulthood risk factors on the occurrence of OFP.

Methods: Prospective cohort study to investigate dental and social effects of malocclusion and effectiveness of orthodontic treatment was conducted in Wales, United Kingdom. At 20-year follow-up 337 subjects aged 30-31 participated (74% from previous follow-up aged 19-20 and 33% from the baseline) and were asked about OFP.

Twenty-year cohort study of health gain from orthodontic treatment: temporomandibular disorders.

Introduction: Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a common condition. Studies of TMD in relation to orthodontic treatment did not show an association, but longitudinal studies from adolescence to adulthood are lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between orthodontic treatment and TMD with a longitudinal study design.

A survey of craniomandibular disorders in 500 19-year-olds.

This study examines the development of signs and symptoms of craniomandibular disorders (CMD), and some effects of orthodontic treatment from the age of 12-19 years of age. The data is drawn from a special sample of adolescents recruited at 11 years of age by random stratified sampling to contain a high prevalence of malocclusions of particular orthodontic interest. The sample does not reflect malocclusion in a normal population.

A survey of craniomandibular disorders in 800 15-year-olds. A follow-up study of children with malocclusion.

Seven-hundred-and-ninety-one 15-year-olds were subjected to an anamnestic and clinical examination of craniomandibular disorders. These individuals had been examined at the age of 12 years and this is one section of an extensive longitudinal investigation into the effects of malocclusion, and the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment. The children were originally selected on the basis of presence of malocclusion.

A survey of craniomandibular disorders in 1000 12-year-olds. Study design and baseline data in a follow-up study.

One-thousand-and-eighteen 12-year-old children were chosen by use of preselected screening criteria, and disproportionate sampling to participate in a longitudinal study into the dental and social effects of malocclusion. The data has now been used to investigate the effects of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment on craniomandibular disorders. The sampling method was designed to create sub-groups large enough to study effectively the whole range of malocclusion, even those which have a low prevalence.

An approach to the treatment of malocclusion caused by bone expanding lesions.

A case is described in which fixed orthodontic appliances were used to correct a malocclusion complicated by the local effects of a dentigerous cyst.

A sojourn in Sweden.

In recent years, there has been a brisk increase of interest in disorders of the temporomandibular joint. Much valuable and pioneering research has been carried out in Scandinavia, particularly in Sweden. This article describes some impressions I formed of the Swedish Dental Service, and the way in which care for TM joint patients is managed in Sweden, during a visit I was able to make there.

The direct bonding of teeth in the buccal segments: a problem eased.

Modification of an orthodontic debonding plier is described to facilitate the bonding of teeth in the posterior buccal segments.