Biomarkers for Early Detection of Charcot Arthropathy: A Prospective Study on Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Severe Neuropathy.

Background: Charcot arthropathy (CA) is a progressive noninfectious inflammatory disease that causes irreversible destruction to pedal architecture in diabetic neuropathy (DN) patients. The debilitating prognosis demands early detection to prevent the development and progression of this disorder. Dysregulated and persistent production of inflammatory cytokines is reported as the key element in initiating osteoclastogenesis in CA.

Anatomical Variations of the Aortic Arch: A Computerized Tomography-Based Study.

Introduction Despite adequate preparation and meticulous pre-operative assessment, variations of the vascular anatomy of the aortic arch may lead to clinical dilemmas. In the present era, with the easy availability of imaging facilities, various anatomical variations can be found out prior to an interventional procedure. However, there are many countries including India where such facilities may still be not widely available.

Microscopic study of chronic charcot arthropathy foot bones contributes to understanding pathogenesis - A preliminary report.

Introduction: Charcot arthropathy (CA) is non-infective, chronic destructive condition affecting the pes architecture of long standing diabetic patients with neuropathy. Even though several theories have emerged to disclose its pathogenesis, inflammatory cytokine induced osteoclastogenesis stands as the chief culprit. Studies on micro-architecture of foot bones of acute stage CA patients, describes mainly destructive phase of bone remodelling.

A cadaveric study on variations in branching pattern of external carotid artery.

Variations in the vascular anatomy of the carotid triangle have been reported in current scientific literature. The carotid arteries, being the major feeding arteries of the head and neck deserve special importance and protection from iatrogenic injury during radiological evaluations and surgical interventions. The present study was carried out over a period of 4 years from 2012-2016 to assess the variant anatomy of external carotid artery.

Prevalence of Charcot Arthropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Patients Aged over 50 Years with Severe Peripheral Neuropathy: A Retrospective Study in a Tertiary Care South Indian Hospital.

Aims: Available literature on the prevalence of Charcot arthropathy (CA) represents mainly Western population. No study has been reported from India so far. Hence we attempted to study the prevalence of CA in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and severe peripheral neuropathy (T2DMPN), belonging to Indian population amongst whom type 2 diabetes is on the rise in alarming proportions.

Soft embalming of cadavers for training purposes: Optimising for long-term use in tropical weather.

Background: Surgical and anatomical training has been found to be most optimally simulated in a cadaver than any other available methods. Soft embalming methods have made the bodies more 'lifelike' and better suited for training. The widely accepted soft embalming techniques, including Thiel embalming, are designed for temperate climates.

Variations in the origin of superior laryngeal artery.

The superior laryngeal artery is the principal artery supplying the laryngeal mucosa, musculature, and glands. Knowledge of variations in the origin of superior laryngeal artery could prove to be very useful during reconstructive surgeries of the larynx, partial laryngectomy, laryngeal transplantation, and also during procedures like super-selective intra-arterial chemotherapy for laryngeal and hypolaryngeal cancers. However, relatively few studies have been done on the superior laryngeal artery in comparison to its clinical importance.

Two Cases of Rectus Sternalis Muscle.

The sternalis muscle, an uncommon anatomical variant of the chest wall musculature, though perhaps well known to anatomists, is quite unfamiliar to clinicians and radiologists despite attempts to highlight its clinical importance in recent years. During routine dissection for undergraduate medical teaching, in the department of anatomy, we came across two cases of sternalis muscle. The first was a unique case of unilateral right sternalis with contralateral insertion on the left sternocleidomastoid, and the second case where bilateral presence of the muscle was noted with ipsilateral insertion.

An Anomalous Right Subclavian Artery with a Retrotracheal Course: A Case Report.

An aberrant right subclavian artery arising as the last vessel of the arch of aorta is an uncommon anatomic anomaly with prevalence reported between 0.2% and 2.0%.

A Study of Variations in the Origin of Obturator Artery and its Clinical Significance.

Introduction: The large number of organs and anatomical structures within the cramped pelvic cavity makes the study of vascular pattern and their variations of much importance in this particular anatomical region. Clear awareness of the vascular anatomy of pelvis is critical in surgeries performed here, which require ligation of the arteries concerned and also because such anomalous origins may cause profuse bleeding during surgical procedures. This is particularly true with regard to the variations in the origin of the obturator artery, while performing pelvic and groin surgeries.

Thymic artery: uncommon origin from proximal aortic arch or distal ascending aorta.

Internal thoracic and inferior thyroid arteries mainly supply the thymus. However, very few studies have been reported on the arterial variations of the thymus. The first author, a cardiac surgeon, happened upon a thymic artery arising from either proximal aortic arch or distal ascending aorta in a few cases during routine cardiac surgery in infants and neonates.

Sirenomelia: case reports and current concepts of pathogenesis.

We present 2 cases of sirenomelia and highlight the recent theories about its pathogenesis. Both cases had a large aberrant abdominal umbilical artery (AAUA) arising from the aorta, suggesting vascular steal as the pathophysiology. However, the bilateral upper limb defects noted in 1 case, the reported 10% association of holoprosencephaly and anencephaly, and the reports of sirenomelia with normal umbilical arteries point to the alternative caudal dysgenesis (CD) theory.

Biotechnology in forensic science: the revolution continues.

Molecular biology has become one of the most fascinating fields of biology in recent years. Molecular methods have been applied in various fields of biology including Medical/Health Science. In this paper, light has been shed on the application of different molecular methods (DNA analysis) in the field of Forensic Medicine.