Background/aim: Inhalation toxicity tests of glycolic acid, which is used in many household products, have been reported, but the pulmonary toxicity of glycolic-acid has not been confirmed. Here, the lung damage caused by glycolic acid was investigated in rats.
Materials And Methods: An intratracheal instillation test was performed with glycolic acid in male rats.
In water, sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC), a source for chlorine gas generation, releases free available chlorine in the form of hypochlorous acid, a strong oxidizing agent. NaDCC has been used as a disinfectant in humidifiers; however, its inhalation toxicity is a concern. Seven-week-old rats were exposed to NaDCC doses of 100, 500, and 2500 μg·kg body weight by intratracheal instillation (ITI) to investigate pulmonary toxicity.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol
November 2023
Background: There has been an increasing need to update the recommended values of Korean exposure factors for adults aged 19 and older, as using exposure factors developed over a decade ago could reduce risk assessment reliability.
Objective: Exposure factor data have been compiled and standardized using the latest national statistical reports and academic literature, as well as studies conducted from 2016 to 2018.
Methods: The updated data contained anthropometric parameters, inhalation rates, food and drinking water ingestion rates, and time-activity patterns and provided technical information on Koreans' exposure factors classified by sex, age group, per capita and general population, and doer-only for various exposure assessments.
Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), classified as a reproductive toxicant, is a ubiquitous pollutant in foodstuffs, dust, and commercial products. In this study, to provide a useful cross-check on the accuracy of the exposure assessment, the estimated daily intake of DEHP was compared using reverse dosimetry with a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model and a scenario-based probabilistic estimation model for six subpopulations in Korea. For reverse dosimetry analysis, the concentrations of urinary DEHP metabolites, namely mono (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) and mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl)phthalate (MEOHP), from three human biomonitoring program datasets were used.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF1,2,3-benzotriazole (BT) is used in large amounts around the world and is one of the substances derived from household chemicals that are of concern for risk when discharged to aquatic environments. Therefore, several studies have been conducted on the aquatic toxicity effects of BT, but the chronic impact assessment studies to evaluate the developmental effects on the early-life stage of fish are insufficient. In this study, the acute toxicity test and subchronic toxicity test (fish, early-life stage toxicity test, ELS test) using embryos of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) were performed to evaluate the acute toxicity, developmental toxicity, growth (indicated by total length and weight at the end of the test), and histopathological effect of BT.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFComp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol
February 2022
Emerging contaminants (EC) such as benzotriazole are being released into the environment in various ways, therefore it is necessary to understand how organisms are affected by EC. In this study, we exposed medaka (Oryzias latipes) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) during their embryonic period (1 day after hatching) to benzotriazole to investigate its effects on oxidative stress (ROS, GSH, GST, SOD, CAT and MDA) and changes in gene expression patterns. In both medaka and zebrafish, the influence of oxidative stress was confirmed through an increased MDA level and changes in the ROS and GSH levels.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIn the last decade, several advancements have been made in omics technologies and they have been applied extensively in diverse research areas. Especially in toxicological research, omics technology can efficiently and accurately generate relevant data on the molecular dynamics associated with adverse outcomes. Toxicomics is defined as the combination of toxicology and omics technologies and encompasses toxicogenomics, toxicoproteomics, and toxicometabolomics.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFVeterinary pharmaceuticals may cause unexpected adverse effects on non-target aquatic species. While these pharmaceuticals were previously identified as priority compounds in ambient water, their ecological risks are relatively unknown. In this study, a series of chronic toxicity tests were conducted for these pharmaceuticals using algae, two cladocerans, and a fish.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFLimited studies on multi-omics have been conducted to comprehensively investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the developmental neurotoxicity of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). In this study, the locomotor behavior of zebrafish larvae was assessed under the exposure to 0.1-20 μM PFOS based on its reported neurobehavioral effect.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAmbient particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) and total suspended particles (TSPs) are common airborne pollutants that cause respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRecent research on in vitro systems has focused on mimicking the in vivo situation of cells within the respiratory system. However, few studies have predicted inhalation toxicity using conventional and simple submerged two-dimensional (2D) cell culture models. We investigated the conventional submerged 2-D cell culture model as a method for the prediction of acute inhalation toxicity.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), a quaternary ammonium compound and cationic surfactant, is used in personal hygiene products such as toothpaste, mouthwash, and nasal spray. Although public exposure to CPC is frequent, its pulmonary toxicity has yet to be fully characterized. Due to high risks of CPC inhalation, we aimed to comprehensively elucidate the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of CPC.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe toxicity profiles of the widely used guanidine-based chemicals have not been fully elucidated. Herein, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of eight guanidine-based chemicals, focusing on inhalation toxicity. Among the eight chemicals, dodecylguanidine hydrochloride (DGH) was found to be the most cytotoxic (IC: 0.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCommercial spray products are commonly used in daily life and airborne particles generated by these products may cause adverse health effects. Our study was aimed to characterize the behaviors of airborne particles from spray products and to determine the deposition loss rate. Four categories of spray products with highly frequent use - air fresheners, fabric deodorants, window cleaners, and a bathroom cleaner - were selected for the study.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPhysicochemical properties between colloidal engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) and aerosols released from consumer spray products were characterized. A dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) were used to evaluate the suspended ENMs in the products. Direct-reading instruments, TEM, and ICP-MS were used to characterize the properties of aerosolized ENMs.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInt J Environ Res Public Health
March 2020
There has been an increasing need for the risk assessment of external environmental hazards in children because they are more sensitive to hazardous chemical exposure than adults. Therefore, the development of general exposure factors is required for appropriate risk assessment in Korean children. This study aimed to determine the general exposure factors among Korean children aged ≤18 years.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBenzalkonium chloride (BAC), an antimicrobial agent in inhalable medications and household sprays, has been reported to be toxic to pulmonary organs. Although cell membrane damage has been considered as the main cytotoxic mechanism of BAC, its concentration- and time-dependent cellular effects on lung epithelium have not been fully understood. In the present study, human lung epithelial (H358) cells were exposed to 0.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPerfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have been widely used in many industrial and consumer products. They have been detected ubiquitously in ambient water along with other environmental matrices, and their adverse effects on aquatic organisms have been a subject of active investigation. Here, we intended to summarize and synthesize the existing body of knowledge on PFAA toxicity through an extensive literature review, and shed light on areas where further research is warranted.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground/aim: The use of glycolic acid is present in a variety of consumer products, including medicines, cleaners, cosmetics, and paint strippers. It has recently led to concerns about toxicity from inhalation exposure. Herein, the pulmonary toxicity of glycolic acid was investigated in rats.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFToxicol Ind Health
August 2019
In commercial products such as household deodorants or biocides, didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) often serves as an antimicrobial agent, citral serves as a fragrance agent, and the excipient ethylene glycol (EG) is used to dissolve the active ingredients. The skin sensitization (SS) potentials of each of these substances are still being debated. Moreover, mixtures of DDAC or citral with EG have not been evaluated for SS potency.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFToxicol Appl Pharmacol
September 2019
Benzalkonium chloride (BAC), a disinfectant, and triethylene glycol (TEG), an organic solvent/sanitizer, are frequently combined in commercially available household sprays. To assess the respiratory effect of this combination, Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to an aerosol containing BAC (0.5%, w/v) and TEG (10%, w/v) for up to 2 weeks in a whole-body inhalation chamber.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBenzalkonium chloride (BAC) is a widely used disinfectant/preservative, and respiratory exposure to this compound has been reported to be highly toxic. Spray-form household products have been known to contain BAC together with triethylene glycol (TEG) in their solutions. The purpose of this study was to estimate the toxicity of BAC and TEG mixtures to pulmonary organs using in vitro and in vivo experiments.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFGemfibrozil, a lipid-regulating pharmaceutical, has been widely used for treating dyslipidemia in humans and detected frequently in freshwater environments. Since plasma cholesterol is a precursor of steroid hormones, the use of gemfibrozil may influence the sex hormone balances. However, its endocrine toxicity following long-term exposure is not well understood.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMetformin has been treated for diabetes (type 2). Nowadays, this compound is frequently found in ambient water, influent/effluent of a wastewater treatment plant. To evaluate the metformin aquatic toxicity under a multi-generational exposure regimen, we exposed Oryzias latipes to metformin for two generations (133 d) and investigated its adverse effects.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFn-Butyl acrylate (nBA) is one of acrylate esters which has been applied to diverse industrial fields. For unveiling of xeno-estrogenic effects and oxidative stress induction by nBA under two-generational exposure regimen (17 weeks), the biomarkers relevant to an estrogenic effect and oxidative stress were analyzed. Acute toxicity value of nBA in Oryzias latipes was 7.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF© LitMetric 2025. All rights reserved.