Short-Term Interactions of with the Toxic Dinoflagellates and : Growth, Toxins and Allelopathic Effects.

The Galician Rías (NW Iberian Peninsula) are an important shellfish aquaculture area periodically affected by toxic episodes often caused by dinoflagellates such as and , among others. In turn, water discolorations are mostly associated with non-toxic organisms such as the heterotrophic dinoflagellate , a voracious non-selective predator. The objective of this work was to study the biological interactions among these dinoflagellates and their outcome in terms of survival, growth and toxins content.

Identification of 24--β-d-Glycosides and 7-Deoxy-Analogues of Okadaic Acid and Dinophysistoxin-1 and -2 in Extracts from Blooms, and Cultures, and Shellfish in Europe, North America and Australasia.

Two high-mass polar compounds were observed in aqueous side-fractions from the purification of okadaic acid () and dinophysistoxin-2 () from blooms in Spain and Norway. These were isolated and shown to be 24--β-d-glucosides of and ( and , respectively) by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and enzymatic hydrolysis. These, together with standards of , , dinophysistoxin-1 (), and a synthetic specimen of 7-deoxy- (), combined with an understanding of their mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns, were then used to identify -, the 24--β-d-glucoside of dinophysistoxin-1 (), , 7-deoxy- (), and 7-deoxy- () in a range of extracts from blooms, cultures, and contaminated shellfish from Spain, Norway, Ireland, Canada, and New Zealand.

Ciguatera-Causing Dinoflagellate spp. (Dinophyceae) in a Subtropical Region of North Atlantic Ocean (Canary Islands): Morphological Characterization and Biogeography.

Dinoflagellates belonging to the genus produce ciguatoxins (CTXs), which are metabolized in fish to more toxic forms and subsequently cause ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) in humans. Five species of have been described from the Canary Islands, where CTXs in fish have been reported since 2004. Here we present new data on the distribution of species in the Canary archipelago and specifically from two islands, La Palma and La Gomera, where the genus had not been previously reported.

Notes on the Cultivation of Two Mixotrophic Species and Their Ciliate Prey .

Kleptoplastic mixotrophic species of the genus are cultured by feeding with the ciliate , itself a kleptoplastic mixotroph, that in turn feeds on cryptophytes of the // (TPG) clade. Optimal culture media for phototrophic growth of and from the Galician Rías (northwest Spain) and culture media and cryptophyte prey for from Huelva (southwest Spain) used to feed , were investigated. Phototrophic growth rates and yields were maximal when and were grown in ammonia-containing K(-Si) medium versus f/2(-Si) or L1(-Si) media.

"Canary Islands (NE Atlantic) as a biodiversity 'hotspot' of Gambierdiscus: Implications for future trends of ciguatera in the area".

In the present study the geographical distribution, abundance and composition of Gambierdiscus was described over a 600km longitudinal scale in the Canary Islands. Samples for cell counts, isolation and identification of Gambierdiscus were obtained from five islands (El Hierro, Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura and Lanzarote). Average densities of Gambierdiscus spp.