Spatial and seasonal fluctuations in fresh submarine groundwater discharge revealed by marine continuous resistivity profiling.

Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) is a major pathway for the discharge of fresh and saline groundwater and associated dissolved compounds into marine environments. However, assessing SGD processes in coastal aquifers is challenging due to inaccessibility, dynamic conditions, complex subsurface geology, and the need for long-term monitoring to capture temporal and spatial variations in SGD rates accurately. This study employs marine continuous resistivity profiling (MCRP) as a main method to assess the presence of freshwater or brackish SGD offshore and to examine its potential seasonal variations.