Carbon footprint of tourism in Spain: Covid-19 impact and a look forward to recovery.

Tourism is very vulnerable to climate change and the disruption of Covid-19, facing two challenges: fighting climate change pursuing its carbon emissions goals, and recovering from the complex pandemic effects. We contribute to the incomplete understanding of tourism emissions pandemic impact and in different post-covid recovery scenarios. Using official data on tourists' consumption, we calculate the carbon footprint of tourism in Spain in 2019 and 2020 under different recovery pathways, including changes in consumption patterns and emissions efficiency, using a multiregional input-output model.

Foreign multinationals affiliates and countries' carbon upstreamness. How could these firms support the fulfilment of emissions reduction targets?

Climate emergency requires urgent actions to reduce carbon emissions. In this paper we calculate the countries' carbon upstreamness and evaluate its linkage to the presence of foreign MNE affiliates, by using a multiregional input-output model with firm heterogeneity. We find a mismatch between carbon upstreamness, emissions reduction targets and income per capita between countries.