[Binocular function clarified].

Normal binocular function is defined as the bifoveal connection of the central and peripheral structures of the visual system. Binocular function in strabismus is defined as connections, more or less strong and more or less labile, of the fovea of the fixating eye with the "pseudo-fovea" of the deviating eye including all central and peripheral structures, and this connection represents, in fact, a progress of adaptation of all parameters to the new conditions of vision.

[Skiascopy. Some reflexions on the prescription of optical correction].

The skiascopy allows determination of the objective eye refraction, but this exam should not be interpreted mechanically. The eye is a living organ and several subjective factors should be considered, mainly the accommodation and oculomotor equilibrium. Based on her own experience, the author discusses the difficulties she had in prescribing optical corrections for 7 patients, after she had done the skiascopy.

[Primary intermittent exotropia and its treatment].

After reviewing literature concerning IE, the following conclusions can be pointed out. The IE is a mild form of strabismus, provided that all the disturbed parameters, especially the processes on inhibition, should be involved in the treatment (in this case, prism looks to be the best method because of its efficiency all day long and because it does not force the patient to exercises more or less tedious.

[Accommodation in strabismus].

This paper describes clinical observations of optico-sensori-motor symptomatology prior to and during treatment for strabismus. These findings were compared with theoretical data of the binocular visual function. We consider that binocular function has the structure and the working of a "set" in cybernetic sense.

[Functional treatment of strabismus: theoretical bases--practical rules].

Functional treatment of strabismus is no longer empirical, but has currently a scientific basis. To disperse the "doubts" surrounding functional treatment, it appeared necessary to situate it more clearly within its true framework, that of functional re-education in general. Indeed, although the terrain differs adults with a lesion and children whose binocular function is poorly or only partially developed - in both cases: - functional recovery is the result of changes within the central nervous system, changes which are possible due to the plasticity of the central nervous system.

[Alternating strabismus--clinical study--treatment].

The author defines motor and sensory alternation: the term "alternation" should not be used in isolation, it should always be accompanied by the name of the parameter concerned. Sensory alternation is always found together with motor alternation but the reverse is not true. The examining criteria for a diagnosis of sensory alternation are given, sensory alternation must not be confused with alternating inhibition.

[The mechanism of inhibition of binocular vision in convergent strabismus (author's transl)].

The mechanism of inhibition of binocular vision (at a cortical level in the Pavlovian sense) in convergent strabismus is described. The study concerns both those patients whith no amblyopia and those whose amblyopia has been cured. Part one of the article describe the clinical characteristics of this cortical inhibition as shown by the polarised light stereoscopic projector.

[Sensory binocular relationships in divergent strabismus and convergent strabismus].

The adaptive processes mentioned here (which include inhibitory phenomena and modifications in spatial localization) were observed, using a stereoprojector which polarized light. Comparing the adaptive processes in convergent and divergent strabismus has led to the following observations: (1) there are differences between the two types of strabismus; these differences appear not only at the level of the binocular sensory parameter but also at the level of motor and accommodative parameters; adaptive processes are less deep and less serious in divergent and strabismus; these differences are also manifest in therapy: divergent strabismus is curable whatever the age, treatment is much shorter. These observations were the starting point for using prismatic overcorrection to induce a state of 'sensory divergence' as treatment in cases of convergent strabismus with anomalous retinal correspondence.

[Eye-hand coordination in squint sufferers].

The localisation of an object close at hand and grasping it with the hand is the result of a complicated sequence of nerve impulses involving close co-operation between optical, perceptive and psychological stimuli, which are integrated in the central nervous system and lead to a well-directed command-movement. Disturbances of coordination between eye and hand in cases of amblyopia and concomitant strabismus are described. The individual authors suggest different forms of traeatment.

[Strabismus and pseudostrabismus (author's transl)].

The method of clinical examination on binocular sensory-motor connection used in the children of less than three years of age for early detection of strabismus, is used in cats. A number of common and Siamese cats were examined under the same conditions. The clinical results lead to the following conclusions: -- Contrary to general opinion, Siamese cats do not show strabismus and their binocular sensory-motor connection is well developed.