From periodontal mechanoreceptors to chewing motor control: A systematic review.

Purpose: This critical review summarizes the current knowledge of the structural and functional characteristics of periodontal mechanoreceptors, and understands their role in the signal pathways and functional motor control.

Method: A systematic review of the literature was conducted. Original articles were searched through Pubmed, Cochrane Central database and Embase until january 2016.

Changes in electric activity of masseter and anterior temporalis muscles before and after orthognathic surgery in skeletal class III patients.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate, through clinical and electromyographic (EMG) assessments, the electric activity of masseter muscle and anterior temporalis muscles during clenching, before and after orthodontic treatment and mandibular setback, with or without LeFort I osteotomy, for correction of mandibular excess.

Study Design: Seventeen adult patients (10 males, 7 females, mean age: 22.5 ± 2.

Three-dimensional cephalometry: a method for the identification and for the orientation of the skull after cone-bean computed tomographic scan.

The aims of this work were (1) to describe a method to identify new skeletal landmarks useful to define the reference system to orient the skull in a new position after cone-bean computed tomographic scan and (2) to demonstrate the reliability of this new method.Ten orthognathic patients (5 male, 5 female; mean [SD] age, 18.9 [1.

Assessment of the reliability and repeatability of landmarks using 3-D cephalometric software.

The aim of this study was to analyze the reliability and repeatability of identification landmarks using 3-D cephalometric software. Ten orthognathic patients were selected for this study and underwent the following protocol: 1. radiographic evaluation (CBCT technique); 2.

Reverse cycle chewing before and after orthodontic-surgical correction in class III patients.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of reverse-sequence chewing cycles in skeletal class III patients before and after orthodontic-surgical therapy to evaluate whether the occlusal and skeletal correction is followed by a functional improvement.

Study Design: Twenty skeletal class III patients (11 males and 9 females, 22.7 ± 3.

Cone-beam computed tomography: accuracy of three-dimensional cephalometry analysis and influence of patient scanning position.

The aim of this research was to analyze the influence of the position of the skull during cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan and if the three-dimensional cephalometric measurements are influenced by skull orientation during CBCT scan.The study consisted of 5 CBCT scanning (KODAK 9500 Cone Beam 3D System unit) in 5 different positions of a dry skull. The data were imported in SIMPLANT OMS Software version 13.

Expression of muscle-specific integrins in masseter muscle fibers during malocclusion disease.

Integrins are heterodimeric cell surface membrane proteins linking the extracellular matrix to actin. α7B integrin is detected in proliferating and adult myofibers, whereas α7A plays a role in regenerating muscle fibers with a minor function in mature muscle fibers. The expression levels of β1A appear to be very low, whereas β1D appears to be the predominant integrin form in mature muscle.

Sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging and computed axiography in the diagnosis of temporomandibular joint disorders in a selected patient population.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare sensitivity differences and interpretative agreement for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed axiography (CA) tracings in a patient population group with temporomandibular disorder (TMD).

Materials And Methods: A convenience sample of 173 patients (53 men, 120 women; mean age: 33.2 ± 2.

Ex vivo measurement reliability using two different cbct scanners for orthodontic purposes.

Background: There are many cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanners available on the market: detector technology, algorithm precision, and scanner settings influence image quality. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of linear measurements made on images of the same sample obtained using two different CBCT scanners.

Methods: Twenty-eight linear measurements between orthodontic anatomical landmarks that were marked with gutta-percha points on a fresh sacrificed lamb head were taken three times.

Chewing pattern and muscular activation in open bite patients.

Different studies have indicated, in open bite patients, that masticatory muscles tend to generate a small maximum bite force and to show a reduced cross-sectional area with a lower EMG activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the kinematics parameters of the chewing cycles and the activation of masseters and anterior temporalis muscles of patients with anterior dental open bite malocclusion. There have been no previous reports evaluating both kinematic values and EMG activity of patients with anterior open bite during chewing.

Reverse-sequencing chewing patterns evaluation in anterior versus posterior unilateral crossbite patients.

It is well established that patients with a unilateral posterior crossbite exhibit reverse-sequencing chewing patterns when chewing on the affected side. The aim of the study was to compare the prevalence of reverse-sequencing chewing cycles in patients with anterior versus posterior unilateral crossbite during chewing soft and hard boluses. Eighty-six children (39 boys, 47 girls) were included in the study: 26 (10.

Clinical and instrumental evaluation of the temporomandibular joint before and after surgical correction of asymptomatic skeletal class III patients.

The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) morphology, the disk position, and the TMJ symptoms before and after surgical-orthodontic correction of skeletal class III malocclusion.Eleven adult patients were recruited to participate in this longitudinal study. Each patient received presurgical and postsurgical orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances.

Advantages of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the orthodontic treatment planning of cleidocranial dysplasia patients: a case report.

Our aim was to discuss, by presenting a case, the possibilities connected to the use of a CBCT exam in the dental evaluation of patients with Cleidocranial Dysplasia (CCD), an autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia with delayed exfoliation of deciduous and eruption of permanent teeth and multiple supernumeraries, often impacted. We think that CBCT in this patient was adequate to accurately evaluate impacted teeth position and anatomy, resulting thus useful both in the diagnostic process and in the treatment planning, with an important reduction in the radiation dose absorbed by the patient.

Identification of a novel RUNX2 gene mutation in an Italian family with cleidocranial dysplasia.

Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is a rare, well-defined skeletal disorder with autosomal dominant inheritance and complete penetrance. Although it involves the whole skeletal system, the main clinical manifestations of CCD are malformations of the skull and clavicles, which lead to a typical appearance of the face and shoulders. Dental aspects are particularly evident and often eruption difficulties are the first indication for the patient, who does not present any other problem.

Slow or rapid palatal expansion for early treatment of unilateral posterior crossbite? Evaluation of the reverse chewing cycles correction.

Objectives: It is well established that patients with a unilateral posterior crossbite, when chewing on the affected side, show an increased frequency of reverse chewing cycles. It was hypothesized that the correction of reverse cycles may be due to the characteristics of the therapy. The aim was to investigate the prevalence of reverse chewing patterns in children with unilateral posterior crossbite before and after treatment with Function Generating Bite (FGB).

Evaluation of the stomatognathic system in patients with rheumatoid arthritis according to the research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders.

The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical features of stomatognathic dysfunction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The study sample consisted of 40 patients with RA (34 female, 6 male), mean age 44 years, recruited at the Rheumatology Division of the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy. The inclusion criteria were diagnosis of RA according to the criteria of the American Rheumatism Association (ARA).

Hemispheric prevalence during chewing in normal right-handed and left-handed subjects: a functional magnetic resonance imaging preliminary study.

This study evaluated the activation of different cortical areas during nondeliberate chewing of soft and hard boluses in five right-handed and five left-handed subjects with normal occlusion, to determine different hemispheric prevalences. The study was conducted with a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (1.5 T Magnetom Vision - Siemens Medical, Germany) using a head coil.

Muscular activation during reverse and non-reverse chewing cycles in unilateral posterior crossbite.

The aim of this study was to characterize the kinematics and masseter muscle activation in unilateral posterior crossbite. Eighty-two children (8.6 +/- 1.

Interleukin-1 gene cluster polymorphisms and gingival recessions after orthodontic treatment.

Introduction: Genetic polymorphisms in the interleukin-1 gene cluster have been associated with the severity of periodontal diseases featured by a variable degree of destruction of connective tissue and bone, such as periodontitis and periimplantitis. This study was aimed to investigate if a link exists between such interleukin-1 gene polymorphisms and the development of gingival recessions during orthodontic treatment in Italian children.

Methods: We evaluated, in 74 young Italian patients of both sexes, the -889 C/T polymorphism of the interleukin-1alpha gene and the -511 C/T and +3954 C/T polymorphisms of interleukin-1alpha gene by polymerase chain reactions-restriction fragment length polymorphism method using NcoI, AvaI and TaqI as restriction enzymes.

Early treatment with "function generating bite" of a left unillateral posterior cross-bite: chewing pattern before and after therapy with FGB.

A case of a 5.2 years-old child, with a left unilateral posterior cross-bite, from the canine to the second deciduous molar, corrected with the functional appliance "Function Generating Bite" (FGB) is reported. The chewing cycles were recorded before and 6 months after correction.

The orthodontic treatment of TMD patients: EMG effects of a functional appliance.

The aim of this work was to test the effects of the Function Generator Bite (FGB) on the masticatory muscles of temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD) subjects. Two groups were selected for the study. A group of 20 TMD patients (group F) requiring orthodontic treatment and treated with FGB and a group of 10 healthy subjects (group H) were considered.

Effect of bolus hardness on the chewing pattern and activation of masticatory muscles in subjects with normal dental occlusion.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of bolus hardness on the kinematic of mastication and jaw-elevator muscle activity in subjects with normal dental occlusion and function. The mandibular motion and the surface EMG envelope of the masseter and temporalis anterior muscles were assessed in twelve subjects during mastication of a soft and hard bolus of the same size. When chewing the hard bolus, the chewing pattern in the frontal plane was significantly higher and wider, with smaller closure angle and higher peak velocity than when chewing the soft bolus.

Chewing pattern before and after unilateral posterior cross-bite therapy with function generating bite: a case report.

Objectives: To evaluate the chewing-cycle closing direction of a patient with a posterior unilateral crossbite, before treatment, six months and one year after correcting the malocclusion with a function generating bite.

Methods And Materials: An 8-year-old girl with right unilateral posterior cross-bite was treated with a function generating bite, which corrected the cross-bite within 5 months. Mandibular movements during mastication of a soft and of a hard bolus were recorded before and after treatment with a K6 I kinesiograph (Myotronics Inc.

Quantitative analysis of the variability of unilateral chewing movements in young adults.

Kinesiography can be used as a diagnostic tool in a dental clinic context. In the current study, a kinesiograph was used to detect and record the three-dimensional motion of the mandibular mid-incisor point during unilateral chewing as a function of time. The aim of the study was to quantify the within-subject short-term reproducibility of the kinesiographic recordings in normal, healthy subjects.