Youth Sport Specialization: Current Concepts and Clinical Guides.

The concept of youth sport specialization has evolved over the past decade, from a focus on the risk of overuse injury to a broader awareness of its effects on mental health, social well-being, quality of life, growth and maturation, sport performance, and long-term athletic success. This review article considers a recently revised definition of youth sport specialization, as well as guidelines and consensus statements from various sports medicine organizations, with practical applications for young athletes.

Running Biomechanics and Clinical Features Among Adolescent Athletes With Lower Leg Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome.

Objective: To compare clinical measures between patients with chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) and healthy controls and evaluate running biomechanics, physical measurements, and exertional intracompartmental (ICP) changes in adolescent athletes with lower leg CECS.

Design: Cross-sectional case-control study.

Setting: Large tertiary care hospital and affiliated injury prevention center.

Protocol and validity testing of femoroacetabular posterior translation with dynamic hip ultrasonography.

Objective: To describe femoroacetabular posterior translation (FAPT) using dynamic hip ultrasonography (DHUS), and to determine the inter- and intra-rater reliability of hip ultrasound measurements of FAPT.

Materials And Methods: The study design was a feasibility study of 13 healthy young adults (26 hips) using test-retest analysis. The data was collected prospectively over a 2-week time period.

Surgical management of popliteal artery entrapment syndrome.

Introduction: Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES) is a rare condition in which the popliteal artery becomes compressed by adjacent soft tissue structures causing progressive claudication. Due to its low incidence, this disorder and its surgical management is poorly described in the literature. This study presents our institutional data surrounding PAES management to further optimize care of this syndrome.

Clinical assessment, treatment, and referral trends for adolescent runners seeking care at an injured runners' clinic.

Purpose: Over a 10-year time frame, this study aimed to evaluate diagnosis, treatment, and referral trends for adolescent runners seeking care for running-related injuries (RRIs) at a clinic that specializes in running medicine.

Methods: This study was a retrospective chart review of 392 adolescent runners (2,326 encounters) who sought care for RRIs between the years 2011 and 2021. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize clinical assessments, referrals, assistive devices, and medications prescribed or administered overall and by injury type.

Biomechanical changes identified during a marathon race among high-school aged runners.

Background: Despite the increasing popularity of endurance running competitions among adolescent runners, there is currently limited information regarding expected biomechanical changes across the duration of a long-distance running event, and the relationship between young runners' biomechanics and running performance. Wearable technology offers an ecological means to continuously assess runners' biomechanical data during outdoor running competitions.

Research Question: Do adolescent athletes adopt changes in sensor-derived biomechanics throughout a marathon race, and are there relationships between race performance and biomechanical features among young marathoners?

Methods: Fourteen high-school aged runners (9 M, 5 F; age: 16 ± 1 years, height: 170.

Adolescent and young adult hip and knee strength profiles relate to running gait biomechanics.

Objectives: Compare and assess relationships between strength and running biomechanics among healthy adolescents and young adult males and females.

Design: Retrospective cohort.

Setting: Clinic.

Outpatient Runners Clinic Visit Trends and Injury Characteristics Among 392 Child and Adolescent Patients: A 10-year Chart Review.

Objective: To evaluate clinic visits and running-related injury (RRI) characteristics among child and adolescent runners seeking care at an outpatient clinic over a 10-year time frame.

Design: Retrospective chart review.

Setting: Outpatient hospital-affiliated Injured Runners Clinic.

Running Marathons in High School: A 5-Year Review of Injury in a Structured Training Program.

Objective: The aim in this study was to quantify the number, nature, and severity of injuries sustained by male and female high school students who took part in a running training program that culminated in the completion of a half or full marathon.

Design: This study is a retrospective clinical audit.

Methods: Injury reports from high school students (grades 9-12) who participated in a half or full marathon 30-week progressive training program comprising four training days per week (three running days and one cross-training day) were reviewed.

Adolescent exercise-related lower leg pain musculotendinous characteristics.

Background: Exercise-related lower leg pain (ERLLP) is one of the most common injuries among adolescent runners; however, there is limited information available on lower extremity musculotendinous characteristics in relationship to injury. Ultrasound imaging has previously been used to evaluate musculotendinous structures among adults with chronic lower limb injuries. Similar measurement approaches may be adopted to assess young runners with ERLLP.

Intrinsic and extrinsic factors contributing to running-related lower limb injuries among adolescent runners.

The purpose of this study was to assess which combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to running-related injury (RRI)among adolescent cross-country, track, and long-distance runners. We conducted a retrospective study at a hospital-affiliated sports injury prevention centre of 130 adolescent runners (F: 62.1%, M: 37.

A Comparison of Factors Associated with Running-Related Injuries between Adult and Adolescent Runners.

Background: There are multiple personal and environmental factors that influence the risk of developing running-related injuries (RRIs). However, it is unclear how these key clinical factors differ between adult and adolescent runners.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare anthropometric, training, and self-reported outcomes among adult and adolescent runners with and without lower extremity musculoskeletal RRIs.

Biomechanical running gait assessments across prevalent adolescent musculoskeletal injuries.

Background: While there is substantial information available regarding expected biomechanical adaptations associated with adult running-related injuries, less is known about adolescent gait profiles that may influence injury development.

Research Questions: Which biomechanical profiles are associated with prevalent musculoskeletal lower extremity injuries among adolescent runners, and how do these profiles compare across injury types and body regions?

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 149 injured adolescents (110 F; 39 M) seen at a hospital-affiliated injured runner's clinic between the years 2016-2021. Biomechanical data were obtained from 2-dimensional video analyses and an instrumented treadmill system.

Running gait biomechanics in female runners with sacroiliac joint pain.

[Purpose] To identify running gait biomechanics associated with sacroiliac (SI) joint pain in female runners compared to healthy controls. [Participants and Methods] In this case-control study, treadmill running gait biomechanics of female runners diagnosed SI joint pain, (by ultrasound-guided diagnostic SI joint injection and/or ≥2 positive SI physical exam maneuvers) were compared with age, height, mass, and BMI matched healthy female runners. Sagittal and coronal plane treadmill running video angles were measured and compared.

Femoroacetabular translation in female athletes and dancers assessed by dynamic hip ultrasonography.

Objective: To compare femoroacetabular (FA) translation between dancers and athletes with hip pain and between dancers with and without hip pain.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 171 female athletes and dancers with hip pain underwent dynamic hip ultrasound (DHUS) of FA translation in three positions: neutral (N), neutral with contralateral hip flexion (NF), apprehension position with contralateral hip flexion (EER-F). Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to assess variation in FA translation between dancers and athletes in the presence of age, Beighton score/hypermobility, BMI, radiographic markers of acetabular dysplasia and femoral version angles.

Generalized Joint Laxity Is Associated With Dynamic Hip Ultrasonography Measures in Female Athlete Patients Who Are Not Hypermobile.

Objectives: To investigate ultrasound (US) femoroacetabular translation measurements in female athlete patients.

Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in female athlete patients <50 years. Demographic data, Beighton score/hypermobility status, and sport participation were collected.

Ultrasound Observation of Hip Translational Motion in Adolescent Dancers.

Hip microinstability, characterized by supraphysiologic movement of the femoroacetabular joint, has recently been recognized as a clinically relevant pathology. The potentially detrimental effects of its presence on joint health make identifying microinstability important; however, due to its multifaceted nature, screening for microinstability presents challenges. Musculoskeletal ultrasound offers an opportunity to visualize the arthrokinematics of the femoroacetabular joint on dynamic evaluation.

Exertional Heat Stroke at the Boston Marathon: Demographics and the Environment.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess associations between exertional heat stroke (EHS) and sex, age, prior performance, and environmental conditions, and report on resources needed for EHS cases at the Boston Marathon.

Methods: We analyzed participant characteristics, environmental data, and EHS medical encounters during the 2015-2019 Boston Marathon races.

Results: Among 136,161 starters, there was an incidence of 3.

Youth running consensus statement: minimising risk of injury and illness in youth runners.

Despite the worldwide popularity of running as a sport for children, relatively little is known about its impact on injury and illness. Available studies have focused on adolescent athletes, but these findings may not be applicable to preadolescent and pubescent athletes. To date, there are no evidence or consensus-based guidelines identifying risk factors for injury and illness in youth runners, and current recommendations regarding suitable running distances for youth runners at different ages are opinion based.

Ultrasound Alpha Angles and Hip Pain and Function in Female Elite Adolescent Ballet Dancers.

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a common anatomical variant in ballet dancers. Cam morphology (a subtype of FAI) and increased alpha angles have been identified as risk factors for hip pain. Ultrasound has recently been used to measure alpha angles in the diagnosis of cam morphology, but its utility remains understudied.

Running Propensities of Athletes with Hamstring Injuries.

The current study aims to compare the mechanical propensities between healthy runners and runners with hamstring injuries. Retrospective case-control video analysis was used. A total of 35 (12 male and 23 female) videos of runners with hamstring injuries were compared with videos of sex-, age-, mass-, and height-matched healthy control runners.