Harmonization of rat fetal external and visceral terminology and classification. Report of the Fourth Workshop on the Terminology in Developmental Toxicology, Berlin, 18-20 April 2002.

This article is a report on the Fourth Berlin Workshop on Terminology in Developmental Toxicology, which was held in April 2002. The workshop is part of an international project in the field of harmonization of terminology in developmental toxicology supported by IPCS. The goal of the Harmonization Project is to ensure better chemical risk assessment.

Future improvements and implementation of animal care practices within the animal testing regulatory environment.

Animal welfare is an increasingly important concern when considering biomedical experimentation. Many of the emerging regulations and guidelines specifically address animal welfare in laboratory animal care and use. The current revision of the appendix of the European Convention, ETS123 (Council of Europe), updates and improves on the current animal care standardization in Europe.

Easy Procedure for Milk Collection in Lactating Rats.

Procedures have been developed for easy collection of milk samples without oxytocin injection. Dams were separated from their pups for 24 h, then were hand-milked with or without aspiration. During the lactation period, the collected milk volume increased up to day 10 of lactation, reached a plateau between days 10 and 18 (range, 2.