Genomic and functional analyses unveil the response to hyphal wall stress in Candida albicans cells lacking β(1,3)-glucan remodeling.

Background: The cell wall is essential for the yeast to hypha (Y-H) transition that enables Candida albicans to invade human tissues and evade the immune system. The main constituent, β(1,3)-glucan, is remodeled by glucanosyltransferases of the GH72 family. Phr1p is responsible of glucan remodeling at neutral-alkaline pH and is essential for morphogenesis and virulence.

Predation by carabid beetles on the invasive slug Arion vulgaris in an agricultural semi-field experiment.

Arion vulgaris Moquin-Tandon 1855 is one of the most important invasive species in Europe, affecting both biodiversity and agriculture. The species is spreading in many parts of Europe, inflicting severe damage to horticultural plants and cultivated crops partly due to a lack of satisfactory and effective management solutions. Molluscicides have traditionally been used to manage slug densities, although the effects are variable and some have severe side-effects on other biota.

Male circumcision through the ages: the role of tradition.

Aim: In this study, we examine the evolution of tradition concerning infant male circumcision, utilizing evidence from classical medical texts as well as information from literature, legal sources and art.

Methods: We examined the differences in the representation of male circumcision between ancient times and the modern era.

Results: Through the ages, male circumcision has been differently represented, and at present an interesting representation is born following the natural evolution of society.

Broad phase II and pharmacokinetic study of methoxy-morpholino doxorubicin (FCE 23762-MMRDX) in non-small-cell lung cancer, renal cancer and other solid tumour patients.

The aim was to perform a broad phase II and pharmacokinetic study of methoxymorpholino-doxorubicin (MMRDX), a drug active against multidrug-resistant tumour cells in vitro when given by i.v. bolus at 1.

Determination of turosteride, a new inhibitor of 5 alpha-reductase, in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.

A sensitive and specific HPLC method for the determination of turosteride in human plasma was developed and validated. Turosteride was extracted from plasma with diethyl ether. Further purifications of the fraction extracted were performed sequentially by solid-phase extraction using a CN cartridge and by liquid-liquid partition between n-hexane and acetonitrile.

Determination of ethambutol in human plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.

A sensitive and selective HPLC method for the determination of ethambutol in human plasma and urine was developed. Ethambutol was extracted from basified plasma samples (0.2 ml) with diethyl ether, back-extracted into 0.

Determination of FCE 26644, a new polysulphonated derivative of distamycin A, in monkey plasma by reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.

A sensitive and selective ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of 7,7'-carbonylbis[imino-N-methyl-4, 2-pyrrolecarbonylimino(N-methyl-4,2-pyrrole)carbonylimino]¿- bis(1,3-naphthalenedisulphonic acid), tetrasodium salt in monkey plasma has been developed. The compound and internal standard (bromphenol blue) were extracted from plasma samples were methylene chloride (twice) after deproteination with acetonitrile and addition of the ion-pairing agent (tetrabutylammonium hydroxide). The combined organic phases were dried, the residue dissolved in the mobile phase and then analysed by reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatography under isocratic conditions.

Determination of tallimustine in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography.

A sensitive and reproducible HPLC method for the determination of tallimustine (I) in human plasma has been developed and validated. Compound I was extracted from plasma by solid-phase extraction using a C18 cartridge from which the test compound was eluted with a methanol-formic acid mixture. The methanol solution was evaporated to dryness and the residue dissolved in a 0.

An investigation of the pharmacokinetics and autoinduction of rifabutin metabolism in mice treated with 10 mg/kg/day six times a week for 8 weeks.

Plasma, lung and spleen concentrations of rifabutin have been measured in mice after single and multiple oral administrations of the drug. Rifabutin concentrations in spleen were similar to those measured in plasma, whereas concentrations in lung were higher. No significant autoinduction of rifabutin metabolism was observed.

A sensitive procedure for the quantitation of free and N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide polymer-bound doxorubicin (PK1) and some of its metabolites, 13-dihydrodoxorubicin, 13-dihydrodoxorubicinone and doxorubicinone, in human plasma and urine by reversed-phase HPLC with fluorimetric detection.

A high-performance liquid chromatographic assay has been developed and validated for the determination in plasma and urine of doxorubicin (DXR) and some of its metabolites released in vivo from an N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) polymer containing DXR linked through its aminosugar moiety to the polymer via an oligopeptide spacer (PK1). The method also allows measurement of the DXR still bound to the polymer. Following addition of two internal standards, the free compounds were extracted twice with isopropanol-chloroform (25:75, v/v).

Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of cabergoline, a prolactin-lowering drug, after administration of increasing oral doses (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 milligrams) in healthy male volunteers.

Cabergoline (CAB) a long-acting dopaminergic ergoline derivative, was given orally, in single doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.

Pharmacodynamics and relative bioavailability of cabergoline tablets vs solution in healthy volunteers.

The effect of formulation on the urinary pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and relative bioavailability of cabergoline was investigated. Twelve healthy female volunteers, aged 23-35 years, were treated, according to an open, randomized, crossover design, with cabergoline (1-mg single oral dose) both as tablets and as a solution. The two administrations were separated by a 4-week wash-out period.

Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of the three main metabolites of selegiline (L-deprenyl) in human plasma.

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with fluorescence detection was developed for the determination in human plasma of the three main metabolites of selegiline (L-deprenyl): amphetamine, methamphetamine and norselegiline. The HPLC separation of the analytes was performed under isocratic conditions, after extraction from plasma and precolumn derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate. The linearity, precision and accuracy of the method were evaluated; the limit of quantification for all three metabolites in plasma was 0.

Radioimmunoassay for the testosterone 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor turosteride in biological fluids.

An antiserum against turosteride (code name FCE 26073), a potent testosterone 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor, has been raised in rabbits by immunization with an immunogen produced by conjugation of a derivative of FCE 26073 (FCE 27424) to bovine serum albumin. The antiserum was able to distinguish FCE 26073 from its derivatives modified at the 17 beta position and from all the endogenous steroids tested. A radioimmunoassay for the determination of FCE 26073 in human plasma and urine was developed using this antiserum and tritium labeled turosteride.

Sensitive procedure for the determination of reboxetine enantiomers in human plasma by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection after chiral derivatization with (+)-1-(9-fluorenyl)ethyl chloroformate.

A sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of reboxetine enantiomers in human plasma was developed. Although two chiral centres are present in reboxetine, its stereospecific synthesis leads to two rather than four possible enantiomers. After extraction from plasma and reaction with (+)-1-(9-fluorenyl)ethyl chloroformate, reboxetine enantiomers were separated as diastereoisomeric derivatives by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and determined by fluorimetric detection.

High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of FCE 24928, a new aromatase inhibitor, in human plasma.

A sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of FCE 24928 (4-amino-androsta-1,4,6-triene-3,17-dione) in human plasma is reported. The drug was extracted from buffered (pH = 8) plasma samples with methylene chloride-isooctane, then analysed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Quantitation was achieved by ultraviolet detection of the eluate at 238 nm.

Determination of exemestane, a new aromatase inhibitor, in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.

A sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of 6-methylen-androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (exemestane) and its 17-dihydro metabolite in human plasma has been developed. The analytes and internal standard (Norgestrel) were extracted from plasma samples with a methylene chloride-iso-octane mixture; the organic phase was dried and the residue was reconstituted with an acetonitrile-water mixture, then analyzed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Quantification was achieved by ultraviolet detection of the eluate.

Determination of FCE 23884, a new ergolene derivative, and its possible metabolite, the 6-nor-derivative in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.

A sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of FCE 23884 and its 6-nor-derivative (FCE 26506) in plasma has been developed. After buffering the plasma samples, the compounds and the internal standard were extracted with ethyl ether-n-octanol (9:1, v/v), back-extracted into 0.01 M phosphoric acid and then analysed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography.

Stereoselectivity of iododoxorubicin reduction in various animal species and humans.

1. The excretion of iododoxorubicin in urine as the 13-dihydro derivative, iododoxorubicinol, is much greater in man than in rat, dog, rabbit and monkey. Iododoxorubicinol epimers in urine from man and the animal species after i.

Phase I and endocrine study of exemestane (FCE 24304), a new aromatase inhibitor, in postmenopausal women.

Aromatase inhibitors are a useful therapeutic option in the management of endocrine-dependent advanced breast cancer. A single-dose administration of exemestane (FCE 24304; 6-methylenandrosta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione), a new irreversible aromatase inhibitor, was investigated in 29 healthy postmenopausal female volunteers. The compound, given at p.

Determination of 3'-deamino-3'-[2(S)-methoxy-4-morpholinyl]doxorubicin, a new morpholinyl anthracycline, in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.

A sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of 3'-deamino-3'-[2(S)-methoxy-4-morpholinyl]doxorubicin and its possible 13-dihydro metabolite in human plasma has been developed. The plasma samples were buffered and the drugs and internal standard (doxorubicin) were extracted with diethyl ether-n-butanol, back-extracted into 0.3 M phosphoric acid, then analysed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography.

Determination of cabergoline in plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.

A sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of cabergoline in plasma and urine has been developed. After buffering plasma and urine samples, cabergoline was extracted with a methylene chloride-isooctane mixture, back-extracted into 0.1 M phosphoric acid, then analysed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

Acipimox-induced facial skin flush: frequency, thermographic evaluation and relationship to plasma acipimox level.

Facial skin flush is the most frequent adverse effect induced by acipimox (ACX), a nicotinic acid analogue used in the management of hyperlipidaemia. The aims of the study were to evaluate the frequency, magnitude and reproducibility of the ACX flush in previously unexposed healthy subjects and to assess any possible relationship with the dose and plasma level of ACX. Seventy four healthy subjects received, on two different mornings, ACX 250 mg and placebo (P), according to a single blind, randomized, cross-over design; 33 had a clear flush after ACX and not after P.

Radioimmunoassay for the synthetic ergoline derivative cabergoline in biological fluids.

An antiserum against cabergoline, a powerful dopamine-agonist under clinical trials for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and hyperprolactinemia, has been raised in rabbits by immunization with an immunogen produced by conjugation of cabergoline to bovine serum albumin. The antiserum was able to bind a derivative of cabergoline labelled with tritium and was able to distinguish the drug molecule from some of its close related compounds and from other agents that could be simultaneously present in plasma from patients undergoing treatment with cabergoline. The antiserum and the tritium labelled hapten were used to develop a radioimmunoassay for cabergoline determination in human plasma and urine.