Land-based plastic leakage into the aquatic environment from municipal solid waste - Waste flow diagram applied to Tuy Hoa City, Phu Yen, Vietnam.

Plastic mismanagement and its subsequent pollution by rapid economic development and urbanisation pose significant challenges for modern world society. Notwithstanding one of the main sources for macro plastic leakage into the ocean from land, precise assessment of plastic pollution origins from Southeast Asia is yet to be clearly examined. In order to make informed decisions and prioritise areas of improvement it is required to better understand the waste leakage dynamics at the local level.

Immunologic Change over 72 Weeks Following Raltegravir- Versus Efavirenz-Based Therapy in HIV/HCV-Coinfected Individuals in Vietnam.

The impact of HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) on immune dysregulation associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV)/HIV coinfection is incompletely understood. We serially assessed monocyte activation (neopterin, sCD14, and sCD163) and T cell activation (HLA-DR, CD38) and immune exhaustion [program cell death protein 1 (PD1), TIGIT] in HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals who participated in a randomized trial performed in Vietnam designed to assess the hepatotoxicity of raltegravir (RAL)- versus efavirenz (EFV)-based therapy when used as first-time ART in combination with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine. Baseline pre-ART values were compared with those from ART-naive HIV-monoinfected and HIV-seronegative individuals.