Nickel-catalyzed ester carbonylation promoted by imidazole-derived carbenes and salts.

Millions of tons of acetyl derivatives such as acetic acid and acetic anhydride are produced each year. These building blocks of chemical industry are elaborated into esters, amides, and eventually polymer materials, pharmaceuticals, and other consumer products. Most acetyls are produced industrially using homogeneous precious metal catalysts, principally rhodium and iridium complexes.

Shoulder Pain Diagnosis, Treatment and Referral Guidelines for Primary, Community and Intermediate Care.

These care pathway guidelines for the shoulder have been written in collaboration with the NHS Evidence Based Interventions (EBI) programme. The EBI programme is a partnership between the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges, NHS Clinical Commissioners, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, as well as NHS England and Improvement.

The Clinical Utility of Point-of-Care Tests for Influenza in Ambulatory Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background: Point-of-care tests (POCTs) for influenza are diagnostically superior to clinical diagnosis, but their impact on patient outcomes is unclear.

Methods: A systematic review of influenza POCTs versus usual care in ambulatory care settings. Studies were identified by searching six databases and assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool.

Modulating amyloid-β aggregation: The effects of peptoid side chain placement and chirality.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the buildup of insoluble aggregated amyloid-β protein (Aβ) into plaques that accumulate between the neural cells in the brain. AD is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States and is the only cause of death among the top ten that cannot currently be treated or cured (Alzheimer's Association, 2011; Selkoe, 1996). Researchers have focused on developing small molecules and peptides to prevent Aβ aggregation; however, while some compounds appear promising in vitro, the research has not resulted in a viable therapeutic treatment.

Classification of spent reactor fuel for nuclear forensics.

In this paper we demonstrate the use of pattern recognition and machine learning techniques to determine the reactor type from which spent reactor fuel has originated. This has been done using the isotopic and elemental measurements of the sample and proves to be very useful in the field of nuclear forensics. Nuclear materials contain many variables (impurities and isotopes) that are very difficult to consider individually.

Rationally designed peptoids modulate aggregation of amyloid-beta 40.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. Plaques composed of aggregated amyloid-beta protein (Aβ) accumulate between the neural cells in the brain and are associated with dementia and cellular death. Many strategies have been investigated to prevent Aβ self-assembly into disease-associated β-sheet amyloid aggregates; however, a promising therapeutic has not yet been identified.

Tunable peptoid microspheres: effects of side chain chemistry and sequence.

Peptoids are a versatile family of oligomeric synthetic molecules that can be customized for many applications. The submonomer solid-phase synthesis of peptoids allows for quick and inexpensive manufacturing and the selection of side chains is nearly limitless. In addition, peptoids that include chiral, aromatic side chains form stable helical secondary structure that leads to the potential for the formation of supramolecular assemblies.

The molecular action of the novel insecticide, Pyridalyl.

Pyridalyl is a recently discovered insecticide that exhibits high insecticidal activity against Lepidoptera and Thysanoptera. Pyridalyl action requires cytochrome P450 activity, possibly for production of a bioactive derivative, Pyridalyl metabolism being prevented by general P450 inhibitors. Apoptosis is apparently not involved in the cytotoxicity.

A quadrupole mass spectrometer for resolution of low mass isotopes.

The qualitative and quantitative identification of low mass isotopes in the mass range 1-6 u poses certain difficulties when attempting to achieve the required resolution with an instrument suitable for deployment within a process environment. Certain adjacent species present in the process sample (HT and D(2)) require a resolution greater than 930 to achieve an accurate measurement. We demonstrate here through simulation techniques that this level of performance required is unachievable using commercially available instruments.

A mechanical comparison of the locking compression plate (LCP) and the low contact-dynamic compression plate (DCP) in an osteoporotic bone model.

Objective: To determine if locking compression plates (LCP) are mechanically advantageous compared to low-contact dynamic compression plates (DCP) when used as a bridging plate in a synthetic model of osteoporotic bone.

Methods: Five synthetic bars (Synbone Osteoporotic bone) were initially tested in compression and the Young's modulus determined. It was found to be comparable to that of tibial cancellous bone in an 80-year-old woman; thus, the synthetic bars were deemed usable to simulate some properties of osteoporotic bone.

Simulation of high- and low-resolution mass spectra for assessment of calibration methods.

Calibrating mixtures of residual gases in quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS) can be difficult since low m/z ratios of molecular ions and their fragments result in overlap of signals especially in the lower mass regions. This causes problems in univariate calibration methods and encourages use of full spectral multivariate methods. Experimental assessment of regression methods has limitations since experimental sources of error can only be minimised and not entirely eliminated.