McNeish et al. argue for the general use of covariance pattern growth mixture models because these models do not involve the assumption of random effects, demonstrate high rates of convergence, and are most likely to identify the correct number of latent subgroups. We argue that the covariance pattern growth mixture model is a single random intercept model.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIntroduction: Rate of alcohol consumption, the speed with which people drink, has been linked to a range of outcomes, including alcohol use disorder symptoms and increased positive affect. However, minimal work has identified who is most likely to drink at elevated rates. Impulsivity is associated with increased attention to positive reinforcers specifically (e.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFModels considered in the current special issue represent valuable additions to the statistical toolbox of prevention researchers for many types of research questions and designs. Their appropriate use, however, depends on critical evaluation relative to previously existing techniques. This evaluation includes (a.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWe used multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) modeling to examine general factors of psychopathology in three samples of youth (s = 2119, 303, 592) for whom three informants reported on the youth's psychopathology (e.g., child, parent, teacher).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjective: Recent studies have examined the extent to which alcohol dependence (AD) criteria prospectively predict the course of AD. Critically, these studies have lacked a developmental perspective. However, the differential performance of criteria by age might indicate overendorsement in younger individuals.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAims: To examine the acute effects of alcohol on working memory (WM) updating, including potential variation across the ascending limb (AL) and descending limb (DL) of the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) time-course.
Design: A two-session experiment in which participants were randomly assigned to one of three beverage conditions [alcohol (males: 0.80 g/kg; females: 0.
Background: Developmental context is related to the propensity to engage in alcohol use, the rate at which alcohol use changes, and the relevance of different risk factors to alcohol use disorder (AUD). Therefore, studies of change should consider developmental nuances, but change is often modeled to follow a uniform pattern, even across distinct developmental periods.
Methods: This study implemented a novel analytic approach to delineate developmental periods of alcohol behavior (n = 478, ages 18 to 35).
Prior research has shown that sipping of alcohol begins to emerge during childhood and is potentially etiologically significant for later substance use problems. Using a large, community sample of 9- and 10-year-olds (N = 11,872; 53% female), we examined individual differences in precocious alcohol use in the form of alcohol sipping. We focused explicitly on features that are robust and well-demonstrated correlates of, and antecedents to, alcohol excess and related problems later in the lifespan, including youth- and parent-reported externalizing traits (i.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFUsing complete enumeration (e.g., generating all possible subsets of item combinations) to evaluate clustering problems has the benefit of locating globally optimal solutions automatically without the concern of sampling variability.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNeuroimaging studies of subjects with ADHD typically show altered functional connectivity in prefrontal, striatal, and several temporal brain regions. While the majority of studies have focused on connectivity that is averaged over time, we investigated the temporal dynamics of brain network changes in resting-state fMRI. Using the ADHD-200 consortium, we characterized the time course of latent state changes using Hidden Markov Modeling, and compared state changes between boys and girls with ADHD along with typically developing controls.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIncreasingly, the structure of mental disorders has been studied in the form of a network, characterizing how symptoms or criteria interact with and influence each other. Many studies of psychiatric symptoms and diagnostic criteria employ community or population-based surveys using co-occurrence of the symptoms/criteria to form the networks. However, given the overall low prevalence rates of mental disorders and their symptoms in the general population, most of those surveyed may not exhibit or endorse any symptoms and yet are often included in network analyses.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPrevious surveys indicate infrequent use of evidence-based treatment (EBT) manuals in usual care youth mental health, but the extent to which providers use core and common EBT strategies and what contextual factors impact EBT strategy implementation need further study. In a national, multidisciplinary survey of 1092 youth-serving providers, providers reported regular use of many EBT strategies. Provider learning theory orientation, more recent degree, more standardized and ongoing assessment use, more positive attitudes toward innovation and evidence, fewer low-income clients, and perceptions that their agency valued quality care and provided fewer training resources predicted more frequent EBT strategy use.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThere is an extensive, albeit inconsistent, literature on the relation between parental alcoholism and offspring impulsive behavior. The reasons for this inconsistency are likely multiple but it seems probable that method effects due to different methodological approaches might explain some of the inconsistencies. Offspring behavior is typically assessed based on informant reports.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFExp Clin Psychopharmacol
June 2018
Considerable research has investigated the acute effects of alcohol on response inhibition, but a number of issues remain unresolved. Given that most studies use only a single laboratory task to assess inhibition, it is often difficult to determine whether alcohol's effects are task specific or generalize across measures of the same construct. Moreover, relatively few studies have directly compared effects of alcohol under ascending and descending blood alcohol concentrations (BACs), and those that have often failed to disentangle BAC limb effects from the effects of repeated testing.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMotivation to use alcohol to regulate positive and negative affect and deficits in cognitive control (i.e., executive functions [EFs]) have both been associated with increased alcohol involvement and alcohol-related consequences.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Distinct changes in alcohol use etiologies occur during adolescence and young adulthood. Additionally, measured environments known to influence alcohol use such as peers and parenting practice can interact or be associated with this genetic influence. However, change in genetic and environmental influences over age, as well as how associations with measured environments change over age, is understudied.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPsychopharmacology (Berl)
November 2017
Rationale: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is highly associated with alcohol use disorder, but little is known about how BPD individuals consume alcohol or the immediate effects of their consumption. There is therefore a need for research investigating drinking behavior in BPD.
Objectives: The current study examined rate of alcohol consumption in BPD (N = 54) and community individuals (COM; N = 59) within ecologically valid drinking episodes.
Psychol Addict Behav
September 2017
An individual's age at first substance use may be associated with their risk for progression toward heavier substance involvement. To our knowledge, however, no studies within nationally representative samples have examined the relation between the timing of initiation and progression in use of multiple substances. The present study employed a sample of 9,421 participants from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health who reported on their ages of tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis initiation; frequency of tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use; and quantity of tobacco and alcohol use across 4 waves.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIntensive longitudinal studies, such as ecological momentary assessment studies using electronic diaries, are gaining popularity across many areas of psychology. Multilevel models (MLMs) are most widely used analytical tools for intensive longitudinal data (ILD). Although ILD often have individually distinct patterns of serial correlation of measures over time, inferences of the fixed effects, and random components in MLMs are made under the assumption that all variance and autocovariance components are homogenous across individuals.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAims: To compare the acute effects of alcohol on set-shifting task performance (relative to sober baseline performance) during ascending and descending limb breath alcohol concentration (BrAC), as well as possible moderation of these effects by baseline individual differences.
Design: Shifting performance was tested during an initial baseline and a subsequent drinking session, during which participants were assigned randomly to one of three beverage conditions (alcohol, placebo or control) and one of two BrAC limb conditions [ascending and descending (A/D) or descending-only (D-only)].
Setting: A human experimental laboratory on the University of Missouri campus in Columbia, MO, USA.
Background: Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience a clinical course that is highly variable with daily fluctuations in symptoms significantly affecting functional ability and quality of life. Yet, understanding how MS symptoms co-vary and associate with physical and psychological health is unclear.
Objective: The purpose of the study was to explore variability patterns and time-bound relationships across symptoms, affect, and physical activity in individuals with MS.
Ecological momentary assessment (EMA; Stone & Shiffman, 1994) was utilized to examine affective instability (AI) in the daily lives of outpatients with borderline personality disorder (BPD; =78) with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A psychiatric control group (=50) composed of outpatients with major depressive disorder/dysthymia (MDD/DYS) was employed to compare across subgroups: BPD-only, BPD+PTSD, MDD/DYS-only, and MDD/DYS+PTSD. Compared to the BPD-only group, the BPD+PTSD group had significantly greater instability of fear and sadness, but did not significantly differ in instability of hostility or aggregate negative affect.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBorderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul
September 2015
Background: The comorbidity of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is frequent, yet not well understood. The influence of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) in the development of this comorbidity has been a focus of prior clinical studies, but empirical evidence to generalize this focus to the broader population is lacking. Primary aims of the present study included evaluation of: (a) the association of this comorbidity with decrements in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and (b) the importance of CSA as a predictive factor for this comorbidity in a general population sample.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF