The development and validation of the Self-directed Learning Scales (SLS).

This article describes the development and validation of the Self-directed Learning Scales (SLS) using data from 14,846 secondary students. Self-directed learning refers to a process whereby the learner consciously and actively directs his/her actions in the learning process. The SLS comprised a battery of subscales measuring students' goal setting, planning, academic motivation, academic self-efficacy, inquiry and information processing, strategic help-seeking, management of learning resources, and self-monitoring.