Human Shoulder Response to High Velocity Lateral Impact.

The armies of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization need a shoulder injury criterion for the EuroSID-2re dummy that must be reliable over a large range of loading conditions, from high velocity, short duration impacts (28 m/s - 3 ms) to low velocity long, duration impacts (4 m/s - 50 ms). In the literature, the human shoulder response to lateral impact was investigated at bounds of the loading condition spectrum as previously mentioned. For the low velocities, the injuries were mainly clavicle fractures and the maximum compression between the acromion and the sternum (Cmax) was proposed as an injury criterion.

3D deformation and dynamics of the human cadaver abdomen under seatbelt loading.

According to accident analysis, submarining is responsible for most of the frontal car crash AIS 3+ abdominal injuries sustained by restrained occupants. Submarining is characterized by an initial position of the lap belt on the iliac spine. During the crash, the pelvis slips under the lap belt which loads the abdomen.

Comparison of Hybrid III, Thor-alpha and PMHS Response in Frontal Sled Tests.

Two series of nine frontal sled tests were conducted to evaluate the behavior of the Hybrid III and Thor-alpha dummies. The first series was conducted at 50 kph with airbag and 4 kN force-limited shoulder belt and the second series at 30 kph and only a 4 kN force-limited shoulder belt. In each series, three replicate tests were conducted with each dummy and compared with three PMHS.