A review on the diagnosis of animal trypanosomoses.

This review focuses on the most reliable and up-to-date methods for diagnosing trypanosomoses, a group of diseases of wild and domestic mammals, caused by trypanosomes, parasitic zooflagellate protozoans mainly transmitted by insects. In Africa, the Americas and Asia, these diseases, which in some cases affect humans, result in significant illness in animals and cause major economic losses in livestock. A number of pathogens are described in this review, including several Salivarian trypanosomes, such as Trypanosoma brucei sspp.

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Group 2: The Unusual Suspect.

Trypanosoma brucei causes human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). Three subspecies were described: T. b.

Do Cryptic Reservoirs Threaten Gambiense-Sleeping Sickness Elimination?

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense causes human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). Between 1990 and 2015, almost 440000 cases were reported. Large-scale screening of populations at risk, drug donations, and efforts by national and international stakeholders have brought the epidemic under control with <2200 cases in 2016.

Resistance to normal human serum reveals Trypanosoma lewisi as an underestimated human pathogen.

Human-infectious trypanosomes such as Trypanosoma cruzi, T. brucei rhodesiense, and T. b.

Evaluation of trypanocidal drugs used for human African trypanosomosis against Trypanosoma lewisi.

Trypanosomes from animals are potential pathogens for humans. Several human cases infected by Trypanosoma lewisi, a parasite of rats, have been reported. The number of these infections is possibly underestimated.

Atypical human infections by animal trypanosomes.

The two classical forms of human trypanosomoses are sleeping sickness due to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense or T. brucei rhodesiense, and Chagas disease due to T. cruzi.

Multiple infections of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in blood and cerebrospinal fluid of human African trypanosomosis patients from Angola: consequences on clinical course and treatment outcome.

Human African trypanosomosis, caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, is a chronic disease, although various clinical patterns have been observed, from asymptomatic to acute forms. Since 2001 in Angola, 80% of patients have been found to be in the meningoencephalitic stage of the disease. The existence of an acute form of the disease caused by virulent strains of trypanosomes was suspected.

First isolation of Enterobacter, Enterococcus, and Acinetobacter spp. as inhabitants of the tsetse fly (Glossina palpalis palpalis) midgut.

This paper reports the first evidence of the presence of bacteria, other than the three previously described as symbionts, Wigglesworthia glossinidia, Wolbachia, and Sodalis glossinidius, in the midgut of Glossina palpalis palpalis, the tsetse fly, a vector of the chronic form of human African trypanosomiasis in sub-Saharan African countries. Based on the morphological, nutritional, physiological, and phylogenetic results, we identified Enterobacter, Enterococcus, and Acinetobacter spp. as inhabitants of the midgut of the tsetse fly from Angola.

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Type 1 populations from human patients are clonal and display geographical genetic differentiation.

We have rigorously tested the hypothesis that Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Type 1 is composed of genetically homogenous populations by examining the parasite population present in Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) patients from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Cameroon (CAM). We amplified eight microsatellite markers by PCR directly from blood spots on FTA filters, thereby avoiding the significant parasite selection inherent in the traditional isolation techniques of rodent inoculation or in vitro culture. All microsatellite markers were polymorphic, although for four markers there was only polymorphism between the DRC and CAM populations, not within populations, suggesting very limited genetic exchange.

Use of multiple displacement amplification to increase the detection and genotyping of trypanosoma species samples immobilized on FTA filters.

Whole genome amplification methods are a recently developed tool for amplifying DNA from limited template. We report its application in trypanosome infections, characterized by low parasitemias. Multiple displacement amplification (MDA) amplifies DNA with a simple in vitro step and was evaluated on mouse blood samples on FTA filter cards with known numbers of Trypanosoma brucei parasites.

Distinct roles of haptoglobin-related protein and apolipoprotein L-I in trypanolysis by human serum.

Apolipoprotein L-I (apoL-I) is a human high-density lipoprotein (HDL) component able to kill Trypanosoma brucei brucei by forming anion-selective pores in the lysosomal membrane of the parasite. Another HDL component, haptoglobin-related protein (Hpr), has been suggested as an additional toxin required for full trypanolytic activity of normal human serum. We recently reported the case of a human lacking apoL-I (apoL-I(-/-)HS) as the result of frameshift mutations in both apoL-I alleles.

Human Trypanosoma evansi infection linked to a lack of apolipoprotein L-I.

Humans have innate immunity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei that is known to involve apolipoprotein L-I (APOL1). Recently, a case of T. evansi infection in a human was identified in India.

Short report: Human trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi in a village in India: preliminary serologic survey of the local population.

After discovery of the first recorded case of human infection with Trypanosoma evansi, serologic screening of 1,806 persons from the village of origin of the patient in India was performed using the card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis and T. evansi. A total of 410 (22.

Genetic characterization of Trypanosoma evansi isolated from a patient in India.

The first human case of trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi was recently discovered in India. We have focused on the parasite to investigate whether this atypical infection was due to a particular genotype of T. evansi.

Human trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi in India: the first case report.

We report an Indian farmer who had fluctuating trypanosome parasitemia associated with febrile episodes for five months. Morphologic examination of the parasites indicated the presence of large numbers of trypanosomes belonging to the species Trypanosoma evansi, which is normally a causative agent of animal trypanosomiasis known as surra. Basic clinical and biologic examinations are described, using several assays, including parasitologic, serologic, and molecular biologic tests, all of which confirmed the infecting species as T.

Evaluation of the micro-CATT, CATT/Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, and LATEX/T b gambiense methods for serodiagnosis and surveillance of human African trypanosomiasis in West and Central Africa.

Objective: To evaluate the performance of serological tests using dried blood on filter-papers (micro-card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis (micro-CATT)) performed under field and laboratory conditions and using whole blood ((CATT/T.b. gambiense) (wb-CATT) and latex agglutination (LATEX/T.

Genetic variability within Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: evidence for the circulation of different genotypes in human African trypanosomiasis patients in Côte d'Ivoire.

For 23 Ivoirian patients infected by Trypanosoma-brucei gambiense, isolation and genetic characterization using PCR and microsatellite primers were performed (in 1996-99) using 2 different isolates (A and B) from each patient. When using TBDAC 1/2, 7 genotypes were observed, and DNAs A and B for 2 patients were different. This might be the first evidence of the presence of 2 different genotypes of T.