Disparity in Medicare payments by gender and training track in female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery.

Background: Gender disparities in medicine have been demonstrated in the past, including differences in the attainment of roles in administration and in physician income.

Objective: Our objective was to determine the differences in Medicare payments based on the provider gender and training track among female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgeons.

Study Design: Medicare payments from the Provider Utilization Aggregate Files were used to determine the payments made by Medicare to urogynecologists.

Zebrafish modeling of intestinal injury, bacterial exposures and medications defines epithelial responses relevant to human inflammatory bowel disease.

Genome-wide association studies have identified over 200 genomic loci associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). High-effect risk alleles define key roles for genes involved in bacterial response and innate defense. More high-throughput systems are required to rapidly evaluate therapeutic agents.